Donald Trump World Finland Summit Meeting I Silver Coin II III Old Cold War USA

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Venditore: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3.712) 99.9%, Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Spedizione verso: WORLDWIDE, Numero oggetto: 275765981299 Donald Trump World Finland Summit Meeting I Silver Coin II III Old Cold War USA. Donald Trump Vladimir Putin Summit Talks Silver Coin  This Silver Plated Coin to Commemorate the 2018 Summit Talks between Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin  One side has a image of both men with their flags in the background has the Date of the Summit 16.07.2018 with the words "Summit in Helsinki" Around the edge of the coin has Donald Trump famous phrase  "I would rather take a political risk in pursuit of peace than to risk peace in pursuit of politics." The back has an image of the building where the meeting took place with the words "USA - Russia Summit, July 16 2018 Helsinki Finland" On both sides at the bottom of the coin is an image of a Dove of Peace The coin is 40mm in diameter and 3mm thick and weights about an ounce Could Trump sort out the Ukraine War? He cant do any worse than Biden - "Lets Go Brandon"! Would make an Excellent Birthday Gift !
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Donald Trump Assumed office January 20, 2017 Vice President Mike Pence Preceded by Barack Obama Personal details Born Donald John Trump June 14, 1946 (age 71) New York City Political party Republican (1987–99, 2009–11, 2012–present) Other political affiliations Democratic (until 1987, 2001–09) Reform (1999–2001) Independent (2011–12) Spouse(s) Ivana Zelníčková (m. 1977; div. 1992) Marla Maples (m. 1993; div. 1999) Melania Knauss (m. 2005) Children Donald Jr. Ivanka Eric Tiffany Barron Parents Fred Mary Anne Relatives See Family of Donald Trump Residence White House (official/primary) Trump Natl. Bedminster (summer) Mar-a-Lago (winter) Trump Tower (private/secondary) Alma mater The Wharton School (B.S. in Econ.) Occupation Real estate developer (The Trump Organization) Television host/producer (The Apprentice) Net worth Decrease US$3.5 billion (May 2017)[1] Signature Donald J Trump stylized autograph, in ink Website White House website Presidential Twitter Personal Twitter Donald Trump (29273256122) - Cropped.jpg This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency Transition Inauguration Timeline Executive actions Trips Polls Protests Appointments Cabinet Federal judges Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court candidates U.S. Attorneys Dismissals Sally Yates James Comey Policy positions Economy Environment Paris withdrawal Foreign policy as candidate as president Immigration Social issues marijuana International trips 2017 summits Saudi Arabia arms deal NATO, Belgium G7, Italy G20, Germany Presidential election  2016 Campaign Rallies Primaries Convention Endorsements Debates Never Trump Republican opposition Sexual misconduct allegations 2020 Campaign Russia controversies  Business projects in Russia Election interference timeline Steele dossier Classified information disclosure Links of associates with Russian officials Trump campaign–Russian meeting 2017 Special Counsel investigation Business and personal Business career The Trump Organization Eponyms Family Foundation Legal affairs Residences Social media The Apprentice franchise Films Books  The Art of the Deal Surviving at the Top The Art of the Comeback The America We Deserve Trump 101 Why We Want You to Be Rich Think Big and Kick Ass Time to Get Tough Midas Touch Crippled America Seal of the President of the United States.svg v t e Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born in the New York City borough of Queens. He earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. A third-generation businessman, Trump followed in the footsteps of his grandmother Elizabeth and father Fred in running the family real estate company. He served as chairman and president of The Trump Organization from 1971 until his inauguration as president in January 2017, when he delegated company management to his sons Donald Jr. and Eric. Trump's business career primarily focused on building or renovating office towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump also started several side ventures and branded various products with his name. He is credited as having written or co-written several books (including The Art of the Deal), and produced and hosted The Apprentice television series for 12 years. As of 2017, he was the 544th richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump had long expressed interest in politics. He entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and defeated sixteen opponents in the primaries. Commentators described his political positions as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. His campaign received extensive free media coverage; many of his public statements were controversial or false. Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or government service, and the fifth to have won the election despite losing the popular vote. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. In domestic policy, Trump has unsuccessfully attempted to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. He ordered a travel ban on citizens from six Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns; the ban was partially implemented after several legal challenges. In foreign policy, he withdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Paris Climate Agreement, undid parts of the Cuban Thaw, and ordered missile strikes in Syria in response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. After Trump dismissed FBI Director James Comey, the Justice Department appointed Comey's predecessor Robert Mueller as special counsel to investigate Russia's interference in the presidential election, potential links between Russia and Trump campaign associates, and any related matters. Contents 1 Family and personal life 1.1 Ancestry 1.2 Early life and education 1.3 Family 1.4 Religion 1.5 Health 1.6 Wealth 2 Business career 2.1 Real estate 2.2 Branding and licensing 2.3 Legal affairs and bankruptcies 2.4 Side ventures 2.5 Foundation 2.6 Resignation 3 Media career 3.1 The Apprentice 3.2 Professional wrestling 3.3 Acting and public image 4 Political career up to 2015 4.1 Early involvement in politics 4.2 Political affiliations 4.3 2000 presidential campaign 5 2016 presidential campaign 5.1 Campaign rhetoric 5.2 Financial disclosures 5.3 Republican primaries 5.4 General election campaign 5.5 Political positions 5.6 Russian interference in election 5.7 Interactions with Russia 5.8 Sexual misconduct allegations 5.9 Election to the presidency 5.10 Protests 5.11 Electoral history 6 Presidency 6.1 Transition 6.2 Early actions 6.3 Domestic policy 6.4 Foreign policy 6.5 Impeachment efforts 6.6 2020 presidential campaign 7 Awards, honors, and distinctions 7.1 Honorary degrees 7.2 Organizational recognitions 7.3 State orders and awards 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Family and personal life Ancestry Further information: Trump family Trump's ancestors originated from the German village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, on his father's side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mother's side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe. His mother's grandfather was also christened "Donald".[2] Trump's paternal grandfather, Friedrich Trump, first emigrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16, and became a citizen in 1892. He amassed a fortune operating boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle area and the Klondike region of Canada during the gold rush.[3] On a visit to Kallstadt, he met Elisabeth Christ and married her in 1902. The couple settled in New York permanently in 1905.[4] Frederick died from influenza during the 1918 pandemic.[5] Donald's father, Fred Trump, was born in 1905 in the Bronx. Fred started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15, shortly after his father's death. Their company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, was primarily active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Fred eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments.[5][6] The company would later become The Trump Organization after Donald Trump took over in 1971.[7] Donald's mother, Mary Anne, was born in Tong, Lewis, Scotland. At age 18 in 1930, she emigrated to New York, where she worked as a maid.[8] Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[8][9] Donald's uncle John Trump was an electrical engineer, physicist, and inventor. He was also a professor at MIT from 1936 to 1973. During World War II, he was involved in radar research for the Allies and helped design X-ray machines that were used to treat cancer.[10] Early life and education A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling and wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder. This image was taken while Trump was in the New York Military Academy in 1964. Senior yearbook photo of Trump in 1964 wearing the uniform of his private boarding school, New York Military Academy[11][12] Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five children born to Frederick Trump (1905–1999) and Mary Anne Trump (née MacLeod, 1912–2000).[13] His siblings are Maryanne (b. 1937), Fred Jr. (1938–1981), Elizabeth (b. 1942), and Robert (b. 1948). Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens. He attended the Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13, he enrolled in the New York Military Academy, a private boarding school, after his parents discovered that he had made frequent trips into Manhattan without their permission.[14][15] In August 1964, Trump began his higher education at Fordham University.[11][16] After two years, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, because it offered one of the few real-estate studies departments in United States academia at the time.[16][17] In addition to his father, Trump was inspired by Manhattan developer William Zeckendorf, vowing to be "even bigger and better".[18] While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump and Son,[19] graduating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics.[16][20][21] Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War, and he did not enlist either as a volunteer or as a Reserve Officer Training Corps candidate.[22] While Trump was in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student deferments.[23] In 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination, and in 1968 was briefly classified as fit by a local draft board. In October of that year, he was given a 1-Y medical deferment,[24] which was attributed to heel spurs.[25] In 1969, he received a high number in the draft lottery, which gave him a low probabilty to be called to military service.[24][26][27] Family Main article: Family of Donald Trump Donald Trump is sworn-in as President on January 20, 2017: Trump, wife Melania, son Donald Jr., son Barron, daughter Ivanka, son Eric, and daughter Tiffany Trump has five children by three marriages, as well as nine grandchildren.[28][29] His first two marriages ended in widely publicized divorces.[30] Trump was 30 years old when he married his first wife, Czech model Ivana Zelníčková, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan in a ceremony performed by the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale.[31][32] They had three children: son Donald Jr. (b. 1977), daughter Ivanka (b. 1981), and son Eric (b. 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.[33] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla Maples.[34] In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump's daughter, who was named Tiffany after high-end retailer Tiffany & Company.[35] Maples and Trump were married two months later on December 20, 1993.[36] They divorced in 1999,[37] and Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.[38] The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on Inauguration Day On January 22, 2005, Trump married his third wife, Slovenian model Melania Knauss, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church in Palm Beach, Florida. The ceremony was followed by a reception at Trump's Mar-a-Lago estate.[39] In 2006, Melania acquired United States citizenship[40] and on March 20 of that year, she gave birth to a son whom they named Barron.[41][42] Melania became First Lady of the United States upon Trump's inauguration as the nation's 45th President in January 2017.[43] Upon his inauguration as president, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his two adult sons, Eric and Don Jr.[44] His daughter Ivanka resigned from The Trump Organization and moved to Washington with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an assistant to the president,[45] and he is a Senior Advisor in the White House.[46] Trump's elder sister, Maryanne Barry, is an inactive Federal Appeals Court judge on the Third Circuit.[47] Religion Trump's ancestors were Lutheran on his father's side in Germany[48] and Presbyterian on his mother's side in Scotland.[49] His parents married in a Manhattan Presbyterian church in 1936.[50] As a child, he attended the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens, and had his Confirmation there.[32] In the 1970s, his family joined the Marble Collegiate Church (an affiliate of the Reformed Church in America) in Manhattan.[51] The pastor at that church, Norman Vincent Peale, author of The Power of Positive Thinking and The Art of Living, ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993.[52][51] Trump, who is Presbyterian,[53][54] has cited Peale and his works during interviews when asked about the role of religion in his personal life.[51] Trump receives Holy Communion, but he has said that he does not ask God for forgiveness. He stated: "I think if I do something wrong, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture."[55] On the campaign trail, Trump has referred to The Art of the Deal as his second favorite book after the Bible, saying, "Nothing beats the Bible."[56] In a 2016 speech to Liberty University, he referred to "2 Corinthians" (pronounced "Second Corinthians") as "Two Corinthians", eliciting chuckles from the audience.[57][58] The New York Times reported that Evangelical Christians nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure".[59] Trump has had associations with a number of Christian spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor Paula White, who has been called his "closest spiritual confidant."[60] In 2015, he received a blessing from Greek Orthodox priest Emmanuel Lemelson[61] and in 2016, he released a list of his religious advisers, including James Dobson, Jerry Falwell Jr., Ralph Reed and others.[62] Referring to his daughter Ivanka's conversion to Judaism before her marriage to Jared Kushner, Trump said: "I have a Jewish daughter; and I am very honored by that."[63] Health Trump's physician, Harold Bornstein, issued a 2016 medical report that showed Trump's blood pressure and liver and thyroid function to be in normal ranges.[64][65] He is overweight and takes statins to lower his cholesterol.[65] Trump has said that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed drugs, including marijuana.[66] He also drinks no alcohol; this decision arose in part from watching his older brother Fred Jr. suffer from alcoholism that contributed to his early death in 1981.[67][68] Wealth Trump said that he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father.[69] He appeared on the initial Forbes List of wealthy individuals in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune, including an "undefined" share of his parents' estate.[70] During the 1980s he became a billionaire,[71] but he was absent from the Forbes list following business losses from 1990 to 1995; he reportedly borrowed from his siblings' trusts in 1993.[70] His father's estate, valued at more than $20 million, was divided in 1999 among Trump, his three surviving siblings and their children.[72][73] A tall rectangular-shaped tower in Las Vegas with exterior windows reflecting a golden hue. It is a sunny day and the building is higher than many of the surrounding buildings, also towers. There are mountains in the background. This tower is called the Trump International Hotel Las Vegas. Trump International Hotel Las Vegas, with gold infused glass[74] When Trump announced his candidacy for the Presidency on June 16, 2015, he released a one-page financial summary that stated a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[75] The following month, he filed a 92-page FEC financial disclosure form[76] and declared his net worth was "in excess of ten billion dollars".[77] In his presidential announcement speech, he said "I'm really rich", and stated this would make him less indebted to large campaign donors.[78][79] Forbes believed his net worth estimate was "a whopper", setting their own estimate at $4.1 billion in 2015. Trump valued his "properties under development" at $293 million; Forbes said they could not evaluate those deals, and booked them for $0.[80][81] Trump's 2015 FEC disclosure reported $362 million in total income for the year 2014.[77] After Trump made controversial remarks about illegal immigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with several companies; this reduced his Forbes estimate by $125 million.[82] Consumer boycotts and reduced bookings may have further affected his brand value during the presidential campaign.[83][84][85] Trump's 104-page FEC disclosure in May 2016[86] still claimed a total wealth over $10 billion, unchanged from 2015.[76] The release of the Access Hollywood tapes in October 2016 put further pressure on his brand,[87] but real estate experts predicted a positive rebound after he was elected.[88] In its 2017 billionaires' ranking, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $3.5 billion (544th in the world, 201st in the U.S.)[1] making him one of the richest politicians in American history. These estimates fluctuate from year to year, and among various analysts. In July 2016 Bloomberg News had pegged his wealth at $3 billion, calling it an increase thanks to his presidential nomination,[89] whereas Forbes had ranked him 324th in the world (113th in the U.S.) with $4.5 billion just a few months earlier.[90] The discrepancies among these estimates and with Trump's own figures stem from the uncertain values of appraised property and of his personal brand.[89][91] Business career Main article: Business career of Donald Trump Real estate The distinctive façade of Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan Trump started his career at his father's real estate development company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which focused on middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs, but also had business elsewhere.[92] For example, during his undergraduate study, Trump joined his father Fred in successfully revitalizing the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, thereby boosting the occupancy rate from 66% to 100%.[93][94] When his father became chairman of the board in 1971, Trump was promoted to president of the company and renamed it The Trump Organization.[7][95] In 1973, he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice Department contended that the organization systematically discriminated against African Americans wishing to rent apartments rather than merely screening out people based on low income as the Trumps stated. Under an agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and made the Urban League an intermediary for qualified minority applicants.[96][97] His adviser and attorney during (and after) that period was Roy Cohn, who responded to attacks by counterattacking with maximum force, and who valued both positive and negative publicity, which were attitudes that Trump appreciated.[98] Manhattan developments In 1978, Trump consummated his first major real estate deal in Manhattan when he purchased a half-share in the decrepit Commodore Hotel. The purchase was largely funded by a $70 million construction loan that was jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the Hyatt hotel chain. Designed by architect Der Scutt, the project was able to proceed by leveraging competing interests and by taking advantage of tax breaks.[99] After remodeling, the hotel reopened as the Grand Hyatt Hotel, located next to Grand Central Terminal.[100][101] Also in 1978, Trump finished negotiations to develop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, which The New York Times attributed to his "persistence" and "skills as a negotiator".[102] To make way for the new building, a crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an old Bonwit Teller store, including art deco features that had initially been marked for preservation.[103] The building was completed in 1983 and houses both the primary penthouse condominium residence of Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.[104][105] Architectural critic Paul Goldberger said in 1983 that he was surprised to find the tower's atrium was "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years".[106][107] Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show The Apprentice and includes a fully functional television studio set.[108] Central Park's Wollman Rink after the Trump renovation Repairs on Central Park's Wollman Rink were started in 1980 by a general contractor who was unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected two and one-half year construction schedule, the repairs were not completed by 1986. Trump took over the project, completed it in three months for $1.95 million, $775,000 less than the initial budget, and operated the rink for one year with all profits going to charity in exchange for the rink's concession rights.[109] In 1988 Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan for a record-setting $407 million and asked his wife Ivana to manage its operation.[110] Trump invested $50 million to restore the building, which he called "the Mona Lisa".[111] According to hotel expert Thomas , the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star ranking and sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was no longer involved.[112] In 1994, Trump became involved with a building on Columbus Circle that was swaying in the wind. He began a reconstruction project that stopped the swaying and gave the building a full makeover.[113][114] Trump thereafter owned commercial space in that 44-story mixed-use tower (hotel and condominium), which he named Trump International Hotel and Tower.[115] In 1996, Trump acquired the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building, which was a vacant seventy-one story skyscraper on Wall Street that had briefly been the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1930. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.[116] In 1997, he began construction on Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. The project encountered delays the following year because a subcontracter had to replace defective concrete.[117][118] He and the other investors in the project ultimately sold their interest for $1.8 billion in 2005 in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City.[119] From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share of the Empire State Building. He would have renamed it "Trump Empire State Building Tower Apartments" if he had been able to boost his share.[120][121] In 2001, Trump completed Trump World Tower, which was across from the headquarters of the United Nations. For a while, the structure was the tallest all-residential tower in the world.[122] In 2002, Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico, which was renovated and reopened in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue; the building consisted of 35 stories of luxury condominiums.[123] Meanwhile, he continued to own millions of square feet of other prime Manhattan real estate.[124] Palm Beach estate Main article: Mar-a-Lago Mar-a-Lago in 2009 The Trumps with Chinese President Xi Jinping and wife at Mar-a-Lago in 2017 In 1985, Trump acquired the historic Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida for $5 million plus $3 million for the home's furnishings. The home was built in the 1920s by heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, who envisioned the house as a future winter retreat for American presidents. Trump's initial offer of $28 million had been rejected, and he was able to get the property at the much lower price by purchasing separate beachfront property and threatening to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lago's ocean view. In addition to using the estate as a home, Trump also turned it into a private club open to everyone who could afford the initiation fee of $100,000 plus annual dues.[125] In 1986, Trump acquired a foreclosed 33-story, twin-tower condominium complex in nearby West Palm Beach for $40 million. Auto CEO Lee Iacocca invested in three of the condos.[126] Trump spruced up the complex's public areas and heavily promoted the property for years, but selling the units proved difficult, and the deal turned out to be unprofitable.[127] Atlantic City casinos New Jersey legalized casino gambling in 1977, and the following year Trump was in Atlantic City, New Jersey, to explore how he might get involved in a new business venture. Seven years later, Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino opened there; the multi-use unit was built by Trump with financing from Holiday Corporation, which also was managing that business.[128] Renamed "Trump Plaza" soon after opening, it was at that time the tallest building in Atlantic City.[129] The casino's poor financial results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp., which led to Trump's paying $70 million in May 1986 to buy out their interest in the property.[130][131] Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million; when completed in 1985, that hotel and casino became Trump Castle, and Trump's wife, Ivana, managed that property until Trump transferred her in 1988 to run the Trump Plaza Hotel in New York.[132][133] The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India. Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal (then halfway through construction), by making a complex transaction with the television host and entertainer Merv Griffin as well as the resort and casino company Resorts International.[134] In October 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives were killed in a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayed the planned opening of the Taj Mahal.[135] The Taj finally opened in April 1990 and was built at a total cost of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever.[136][137] The project was financed with $675 million in junk bonds[138] and was a major gamble by Trump.[139] The project underwent debt restructuring the following year,[140] leaving Trump with 50% ownership.[141] He also sold his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.[142][143] In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[144] THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.[145] From mid 1995 until early 2009, he served as chairman of the publicly-traded THCR organization—which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts—and served as CEO from mid 2000 to mid 2005.[146] During the 1990s, Trump's casino ventures faced competition from Native American gaming at the Foxwoods casino located on an Indian reservation in Connecticut, where it was exempt from the state's anti-gambling laws. Trump stated in 1993 that the casino owners did not look like real Indians to him or to other Indians.[147] Subsequent to that well-publicized remark about the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Trump became a key investor backing the Paucatuck Eastern Pequots, who were also seeking state recognition.[148] Golf courses  A golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white façade and a red roof. This picture was taken in Ayrshire, Scotland. Turnberry Hotel and golf course, Ayrshire, Scotland The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and resorts in the United States and around the world. According to Golfweek, Trump owns or manages about 18 golf courses.[149] His personal financial disclosure with the Federal Elections Commission stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382 million,[76][86] while his three European golf courses did not show a profit.[89] In 2006, Trump bought 1,400 acres (570 ha), including the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and created a golf resort there.[150] Scottish supporters emphasized potential economic benefits, and opponents emphasized potential environmental harm to a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).[151][152][153] A spokesperson for the golf course has said 95% of the SSSI is untouched.[154] A 2011 independent documentary, You've Been Trumped, chronicled the golf resort's construction and struggles.[155] In 2015, an offshore windfarm being built within sight of the golf course prompted a legal challenge by Trump, which was dismissed by the U.K. Supreme Court.[156] In the wake of the 2008 recession, Trump greatly scaled back development of this property, and as of December 2016 Scottish officials were pushing for completion of the far larger development as originally approved.[157] In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which hosted the Open Championship four times between 1977 and 2009.[158][159] After extensive renovations and a remodeling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turnberry was re-opened in June 2016.[160] Hotels outside New York Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago Trump International Hotel and Tower in Vancouver In the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Organization expanded its footprint in the United States beyond New York and into a few other countries with the co-development and management of hotel towers in Chicago, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., Panama City, Toronto, and Vancouver. There are also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai and in Indonesia.[161] Branding and licensing Main article: List of things named after Donald Trump Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies. He has also licensed his name for various commercial products and services. In doing so, he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects.[162] In 2011, Forbes' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3 billion.[163] Legal affairs and bankruptcies Main article: Legal affairs of Donald Trump As of 2016, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 3,500 state and federal legal actions. He or one of his companies was the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company as plaintiff, more than half the cases have been against gamblers at his casinos who had failed to pay off their debts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, the most common type of case involved personal injury cases at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution, Trump's side won 451 times and lost 38.[164][165] Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but his hotel and casino businesses have been declared bankrupt six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.[166][167] Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.[168][169] The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[170][171] Trump said, "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt ... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just business."[140] A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career by The Economist concluded that his "... performance [from 1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York", noting both his successes and bankruptcies.[172] A subsequent analysis by The Washington Post concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success", calling his casino bankruptcies the "most infamous flop" of his business career.[173] Side ventures After Trump took charge of the family real estate firm in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization, he not only greatly expanded its real estate operations, but also ventured into numerous other business activities. The company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.[174] Sports events In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals—an American football team that played in the United States Football League (USFL)—from oil magnate J. Walter Duncan. The USFL played three seasons during the spring and summer. After the 1985 season, the organization folded due to continuous financial difficulties, despite winning an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL.[175] Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded; he operated golf courses in several countries.[175] At the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, he hosted several boxing matches, which included Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight against Michael Spinks.[176] He also acted as a financial advisor to Mike Tyson.[177] In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.[178] Miss Universe Main articles: Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe pageants.[179][180] The Miss Universe Pageants include Miss USA and Miss Teen USA, and his management of this business involved his family members; for example, daughter Ivanka once hosted Miss Teen USA. Trump hired the first female president of the Miss Universe business in 1997.[181] He became dissatisfied with how CBS scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to NBC in 2002.[182][183] In his 2015 U.S. presidential campaign kickoff speech, Trump made statements about illegal immigrants who crossed the border from Mexico. NBC then decided to end its business relationship with him and stated that it would no longer air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageants on its networks.[184] In September 2015, Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and became its sole owner for three days. He then sold the entire company to the WME/IMG talent agency.[185] Trump University Main article: Trump University Trump University was a for-profit education company that was founded by Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny. The company ran a real estate training program and charged between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.[186][187][188] In 2005, the operation was notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" was misleading and violated state law. After a second such notification in 2010, the name of the company was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".[189] Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.[190] In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit alleging that Trump University made false statements and defrauded consumers.[189][191] In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating to Trump University; they named Trump personally as well as his companies.[192] During the presidential campaign, Trump criticized Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel who oversaw those two cases, alleging bias in his rulings because of his Mexican heritage.[193][194] Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases, whereby Trump paid a total of $25 million and denied any wrongdoing.[195][196] Foundation Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based private foundation[197] established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal by Trump and Tony Schwartz.[198][199] The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,[200] who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.[200] The foundation's tax returns show that it has given to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.[201] In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation ($100,000), the New York–Presbyterian Hospital ($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), and the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).[202][203] From 2004 to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were Vince and Linda McMahon of WWE, who donated $5 million to the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in 2007.[200] Linda McMahon later became Administrator of the Small Business Administration.[204] In 2016, investigations by The Washington Post uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations conducted by the charity, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[205] After beginning an investigation into the foundation, the New York State Attorney General's office notified the Trump Foundation that it was allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding charities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.[206][207][208] A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job".[206] In response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President."[209] Resignation When Trump was elected president of the United States in November 2016, questions arose over how he would avoid conflicts of interest between his work in the White House and his business activities. At a press conference on January 10, 2017, Trump said that he and his daughter Ivanka would resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his two adult sons Don Jr. and Eric would run the business, together with Chief Financial Officer Allen Weisselberg.[210] Trump retained his financial stake in the business.[211] His attorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 inauguration, Trump would put those business assets into a trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a compliance counsel. She added that The Trump Organization would not enter any new foreign business deals, while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.[212] As of April 2017, Trump companies owned more than 400 condo units and home lots in the United States, valued at over $250 million in total ($200,000 to $35 million each).[213] Media career The Apprentice Main articles: The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) and The Apprentice (TV series) Donald Trump posing with former basketball player Dennis Rodman in a room with paintings adorning the walls. Trump is wearing a suit with a light-colored tie and dress shirt, while Rodman is wearing a brown T-shirt with a design on it, blue jeans, and a baseball cap that also has a design on it. Trump posing with former NBA basketball player Dennis Rodman during Rodman's 2009 participation on Celebrity Apprentice In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. Contestants were successively "fired" and eliminated from the game. For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode.[214] In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,[77] although the network did not verify the statement.[215] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television on The Apprentice.[162][216] Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump was hired as host of The Celebrity Apprentice, in which celebrities compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers. International versions of The Apprentice franchise were co-produced by Burnett and Trump. On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.[217] On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.[218] Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production.[219] On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."[220] After Trump's election campaign and presidential win led to his departure from the program, actor and former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger replaced Trump as host for the fifteenth season.[221] Trump is still credited as an executive producer for the show.[222] Professional wrestling Trump is a World Wrestling Entertainment fan and a friend of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. In 1988–89 Trump hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows.[223] He also appeared in WrestleMania VII, and was interviewed ringside at WrestleMania XX.[224] Trump appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called "The Battle of the Billionaires".[223] He was in Bobby Lashley's corner, while Vince McMahon was in the corner of Lashley's opponent Umaga, with Stone Cold Steve Austin as the special guest referee.[223] The terms of the match were that either Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their competitor lost.[223] Lashley won the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.[223] On June 15, 2009, McMahon announced as part of a storyline on Monday Night Raw that he had "sold" the show to Trump.[223] Appearing on screen, Trump declared that he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show.[223] McMahon "bought back" Raw the following week for twice the price.[223] In 2013, Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night at WrestleMania 29.[225] As president, Trump appointed WWE CEO Linda McMahon to his Cabinet as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.[226] Acting and public image Main articles: Filmography of Donald Trump, Donald Trump in popular culture, and Donald Trump in music Trump has made cameo appearances in 12 films and 14 television series.[227] He played an oil tycoon in The Little Rascals,[228] and had a singing role at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006.[229] Trump is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and receives an annual pension of more than $110,000.[230][231] His television reality show The Apprentice was twice (2004 and 2005) nominated for an Emmy Award.[232] Trump has been the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. He has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond and Alec Baldwin, and in South Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the Future", written during his 2000 campaign for the Reform party, anticipated a future Trump presidency. A dedicated parody series called The President Show debuted in April 2017.[233] Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show on talk radio.[234] Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called Trumped!, from 2004 to 2008.[235][236][237] Since the 1980s, Trump's wealth and lifestyle have been a fixture of hip hop lyrics,[238] his name being quoted by more than 50 artists.[239] Political career up to 2015 Early involvement in politics a full-page newspaper advertisement in which Trump placed full-page advertisements critiquing U.S. defense policy Trump's September 1987 advertisement in The Boston Globe, criticizing U.S. defense policy Trump first vaguely expressed interest in running for office in 1987, when he spent almost $100,000 to place full-page advertisements in several newspapers. In his view at that time, "America should stop paying to defend countries that can afford to defend themselves",[240] and "should present Western Europe and Japan with a bill for America's efforts to safeguard the passage of oil tankers in the Persian Gulf."[241] According to a Gallup poll in December 1988, Trump was the tenth most admired person in America.[242][243] Trump considered running for president in 1988, 2000, 2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006 and 2014, but aside from 2000 did not enter any of those races.[244][245] In February 2009, Trump appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, and spoke about the automotive industry crisis of 2008–10. He said that "instead of asking for money", General Motors "should go into bankruptcy and work that stuff out in a deal."[246] Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, and a Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders; he was one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[247] A Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbent president Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president of the United States.[248] A poll released in April 2011 by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for president while he was still actively considering a run.[249][250] His moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show The Apprentice.[251][252][253] Trump played a leading role in "birther" conspiracy theories that had been circulating since President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.[254][255] Beginning in March 2011, Trump publicly questioned Obama's citizenship and eligibility to serve as President.[256][257][258] Although the Obama campaign had released a copy of the short-form birth certificate in 2008,[259] Trump demanded to see the original "long-form" certificate.[256] He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to research the question, but he did not follow up with any findings.[256] He also repeated a debunked allegation that Obama's grandmother said she had witnessed his birth in Kenya.[260][261] When the White House later released Obama's long-form birth certificate,[262] Trump took credit for obtaining the document, saying "I hope it checks out."[263] His official biography mentions his purported role in forcing Obama's hand,[264] and he has defended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later saying that his promotion of the conspiracy made him "very popular".[265] In 2011, Trump had called for Obama to release his student records, questioning whether his grades warranted entry into an Ivy League school.[266] When asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the United States, Trump said he did not want to discuss the matter further.[267][268] In September 2016, Trump publicly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., and said that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign.[257][269][270] Donald Trump, dressed in a black suit with white shirt, and blue tie. He is facing toward the viewer and speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2011. Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in 2011 Trump made his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organized by GOProud, an LGBT conservative organization, in conjunction with GOProud supporter Roger Stone, who was close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-in campaign for Trump at CPAC's presidential straw poll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is credited for helping kick-start his political career within the Republican Party.[271][272] In the 2012 Republican primaries, Trump generally had polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded field of possible candidates.[273] On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president in the 2012 election, while also saying he would have become the President of the United States, had he run.[251] In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).[274] During the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trump spoke out against illegal immigration, then-President Obama's "unprecedented media protection", and advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security.[275][276] Additionally, Trump spent over $1 million in 2013 to research a possible run for president of the United States.[277] In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. In response to the memo, Trump said that while New York had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.[278] In January 2014, Trump made statements denying climate change that were discordant with the opinion of the scientific community.[279] A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.[280] In February 2015, Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for another season of The Apprentice, as he mulled his political future.[281] Political affiliations Trump shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Both are standing and facing each other. Trump meets with President Ronald Reagan at a 1987 White House reception. Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to 1987.[282] In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican in Manhattan.[283] In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party and ran a presidential exploratory campaign for its nomination. After his run, Trump left the party in 2001 due to the involvement of David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani.[284] From 2001 to 2008, Trump identified himself as a Democrat, but in 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for President. In 2009, he officially changed his party registration to Republican.[285] In December 2011, Trump became an independent for five months before returning to the Republican Party, where he later pledged to stay.[286][287] Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the top ten recipients of his political contributions being six Democrats and four Republicans.[288] After 2011, his campaign contributions were more favorable to Republicans than to Democrats.[289] In February 2012, Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President.[290] When asked in 2015 which of the last four presidents he prefers, Trump picked Democrat Bill Clinton over the Republican Bushes.[291][292] According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own name.[293][294] Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[293][295] 2000 presidential campaign Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000 In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in 2000.[284][296] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent support.[297] Trump eventually dropped out of the race due to party infighting, but still went on to win the party's California and Michigan primaries.[298][299][300] 2016 presidential campaign Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 Trump speaking behind a brown wooden podium, wearing a dark blue suit and a red tie. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign. Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, on July 16, 2015 On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan, "Make America Great Again".[301] In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained political correctness; he also stated that the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse media bias.[302][303][304] In part due to his fame, Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.[305] Republican leaders such as House Speaker Paul Ryan were hesitant to support him during his early quest for the presidency. They doubted his chances of winning the general election and feared that he could harm the image of the Republican Party.[306][307] The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,[308] due in part to its opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.[309][310] The connection of this group to the Trump campaign is controversial; writers such as Jon Ronson have suggested that the link between Trump and right-wing figures such as Alex Jones and Roger Stone is a marriage of convenience.[311] During the campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white nationalists,[312] especially in his initial refusal to condemn the support of David Duke—a former Imperial Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan—in a CNN interview with Jake Tapper. He had previously criticized Duke in 1991, disavowed the 2000 Reform Party due to the support of Duke and others, and disavowed Duke on the campaign trail both before and after the interview.[313] In August, he appointed Steve Bannon—the executive chairman of Breitbart News—as his campaign CEO; the website was described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right."[314] However, Bannon later told the Wall Street Journal that he was an "economic nationalist" but not "a supporter of ethno-nationalism."[315] According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[316] Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice-versa both inside and outside the venues.[317][318][319] Campaign rhetoric Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.[320][321][322] At least four major publications – Politico, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times – have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements.[323] NPR said that Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[324] Lucas Graves, an assistant professor of journalism and mass communication at the University of Wisconsin–Madison,[325] opined that Trump "often speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what exactly he meant, so that fact-checkers "have to be really careful" when picking claims to check, "to pick things that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying to communicate."[326] Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where puffery abounds.[327] Trump has called his public speaking style "truthful hyperbole", an effective political tactic that may, however, backfire for overpromising.[327] Martin Medhurst, a Baylor University professor of communication and political science, analyzed Trump's frequently used rhetorical devices, such as catchy slogans, hyperbole, insinuations and preterition.[328] Financial disclosures Further information: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 § Refusal to release tax returns In compliance with FEC regulations of all presidential candidates, Trump published a 92-page financial disclosure form in 2015; the form listed all of his assets, liabilities, income sources and hundreds of business positions.[76] His decision not to release his tax returns[329] was contrary to usual practice by every presidential candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976.[330] Although there is no law that requires presidential candidates to release their returns,[331] Trump's refusal led to speculation that he was hiding something.[332] Trump explained that his tax returns were being audited and his lawyers had advised him against releasing the returns.[333][334] However, no law prohibits release of tax returns during an audit.[335] Tax attorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legal strategy.[336] Trump has told the news media that his tax rate was "none of your business", but added, "I fight very hard to pay as little tax as possible."[337][338][339] On October 1, 2016, three pages of Trump's 1995 tax return were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times, who said she received the documents in her Times mailbox. Each of the three pages is one page from Trump's state filings in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. They show that using allowed deductions for losses, Trump claimed a loss of $916 million that year. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.[340] When asked if he used the tax code to avoid paying taxes, he said, "Of course I did. Of course I did." He then went on to say he paid "hundreds of millions of dollars in taxes", calling it a "simple" thing. "I pay tax, and I pay federal tax, too", he said.[341][342][343] On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC's Rachel Maddow, who unveiled them on her show. The two pages showed that Trump paid $38 million in federal taxes and had a gross adjusted income of $150 million.[344][345] The White House confirmed the authenticity of the 2005 documents and stated: "Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it is totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns."[344][345] Republican primaries Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016 Trump rally in the U.S. Bank Arena, Cincinnati, Ohio, on October 13, 2016 Trump entered a field of 17 major candidates who were vying for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largest presidential field in American history.[346] Trump participated in eleven of the twelve Republican debates, skipping only the January 28th seventh debate, which was the last debate before primary voting began on the first of February. The debates received historically high television ratings, which increased the visibility of Trump's campaign.[347] By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz.[348] On Super Tuesday, Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination.[349] After a landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns—RNC Chairman Reince Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[350] With nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time record in the history of the Republican Party for winning the most primary votes. He also set the record for the largest number of votes cast against the front runner.[351] General election campaign Main article: United States presidential election, 2016 Trump–Pence 2016 campaign logo After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to the general election. He urged remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election."[352] Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across the country. Clinton had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[353][354][355] Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence, at the Republican National Convention in July 2016. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures with both hands. Pence is at right, facing toward Trump and clapping. Trump gives the thumbs up as his running mate Mike Pence approves at the Republican National Convention, July 20, 2016 On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.[356] Four days later on July 19, Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.[357] The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not attend.[358][359] Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech that was inspired by Richard Nixon's 1968 acceptance speech.[360] The historically long speech was watched by nearly 35 million people and received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.[361][362][363] On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton faced off in their first presidential debate, which was held at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. NBC News anchor Lester Holt was the moderator.[364] The TV broadcast was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.[365] The second presidential debate was held at Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. The beginning narrative of that debate was dominated by a leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments, and counter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct by Bill Clinton. Trump had invited four women who had accused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference prior to the debate. The final presidential debate was held on October 19 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular press attention.[366][367] Political positions Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS). Media have described Trump's political positions as "populist",[368][369] and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in income taxes and deregulation,[370] consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,[371] usually considered a liberal (Democratic Party) policy.[372][373] According to political writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts free media attention, sometimes by making outrageous comments.[374][375] Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.[376][377][378] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",[378] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.[379] Russian interference in election Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the CIA, FBI and NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence – jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government attempted to intervene in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[380][381] In testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, former FBI Director James Comey affirmed he has "no doubt" that Russia interfered in the 2016 election, adding "they did it with purpose and sophistication".[382][383] Trump claims that the investigation of Russian interference in the U.S. election is the pursuit of a false narrative, calling it "the single greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history!"[384] Russian president Vladimir Putin echoes Trump's opinion, saying that Democrats cling to this fictitious explanation to avoid confronting their election loss.[385] Interactions with Russia Main article: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump at the 2017 G-20 Hamburg Summit There has been intensive media scrutiny of Trump's relationship to Russia.[386][387] During the campaign, Trump repeatedly praised Russian president Vladimir Putin as a strong leader.[388][389] One of his campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked for several years to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovich win the Ukrainian presidency.[390] Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[391][392] Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.[393] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[394] In a December 29, 2016 conversation, Flynn and Kislyak discussed the recently imposed sanctions against Russia; Trump later fired Flynn for falsely claiming he had not discussed the sanctions.[395] In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress that "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[396] In 2017, Trump and other senior White House officials asked the Director of National Intelligence, the NSA director, the FBI director, and two chairs of congressional committees to publicly dispute the news reports about contacts between Trump associates and Russia.[397] Sexual misconduct allegations Main articles: Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording and Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations Two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women.[398][399][400] The hot mic recording was captured on a studio bus in which Trump and Billy Bush were preparing to film an episode of Access Hollywood. "I just start kissing them," Trump said, "I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab them by the pussy."[401] During the recording, Trump also spoke of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily."[401] These statements were recorded several months after Trump married his third and current wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.[401][402] Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of sexual assault. The incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,[403][404] and caused outrage across the political spectrum,[405][406] with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.[407] Subsequently, at least 15 women[408] came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage.[409][410] Trump and his campaign have denied all of the sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.[411][412][413] In his two public statements in response to the controversy, Trump responded by alleging that Bill Clinton, former President of the United States and husband of Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.[414] Election to the presidency Main article: United States presidential election, 2016 2016 electoral vote results On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 electoral votes to Clinton's 232 votes. The counts were later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides, formalizing Trump's election to the presidency.[415] In the early hours of November 9, Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the New York Hilton hotel. The speech was in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, with Trump promising to heal the division caused by the election, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, and promising to be a president to all Americans.[416][417] Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, making him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.[418][nb 1] Clinton finished ahead by 2.86 million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 46.09%, with neither candidate reaching a majority nationwide.[421][422] Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton leading nationwide (which were consistent with her win in the popular vote) and in most battleground states, while Trump's support had been underestimated throughout his campaign.[423] The errors in some state polls were later partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.[424] Trump won the perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa and Ohio, and flipped Clinton's "blue wall" states of Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, which had been Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with control of both chambers of Congress, as was the case during parts of George W. Bush's presidency from 2003 to 2007. Trump is the wealthiest president in U.S. history.[425] He is also the first president without prior governmental or military experience.[426][427][428] Of the 43[nb 2] previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office; two had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet; and three had never held public office but had been commanding generals.[428] Vladimir Putin, in full Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, (born October 7, 1952, Leningrad, Russia, U.S.S.R. [now St. Petersburg, Russia]), Russian intelligence officer and politician who served as president (1999–2008, 2012– ) of Russia and also was the country’s prime minister (1999, 2008–12). Early career Putin studied law at Leningrad State University, where his tutor was Anatoly Sobchak, later one of the leading reform politicians of the perestroika period. Putin served 15 years as a foreign intelligence officer for the KGB (Committee for State Security), including six years in Dresden, East Germany. In 1990 he retired from active KGB service with the rank of lieutenant colonel and returned to Russia to become prorector of Leningrad State University with responsibility for the institution’s external relations. Soon afterward Putin became an adviser to Sobchak, the first democratically elected mayor of St. Petersburg. He quickly won Sobchak’s confidence and became known for his ability to get things done; by 1994 he had risen to the post of first deputy mayor. In 1996 Putin moved to Moscow, where he joined the presidential staff as deputy to Pavel Borodin, the Kremlin’s chief administrator. Putin grew close to fellow Leningrader Anatoly Chubais and moved up in administrative positions. In July 1998 Pres. Boris Yeltsin made Putin director of the Federal Security Service (FSB; the KGB’s domestic successor), and shortly thereafter he became secretary of the influential Security Council. Yeltsin, who was searching for an heir to assume his mantle, appointed Putin prime minister in 1999. Although he was virtually unknown, Putin’s public-approval ratings soared when he launched a well-organized military operation against secessionist rebels in Chechnya. Wearied by years of Yeltsin’s erratic behaviour, the Russian public appreciated Putin’s coolness and decisiveness under pressure. Putin’s support for a new electoral bloc, Unity, ensured its success in the December parliamentary elections. Ahead of President Joe Biden’s meeting Wednesday with Russian President Vladimir Putin, congressional Democrats said they are no longer seeking records of former President Donald Trump’s private meetings with the Russian leader, despite previous concerns Trump tried to conceal details of their conversations. "The Biden administration is looking forward, not back," said House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Gregory Meeks, D-N.Y., whose panel once considered subpoenaing Trump’s interpreter to testify about his July 2018 meeting with Putin in Helsinki, Finland, where only an American interpreter was also present. MORE: Who is interpreter Marina Gross and will her notes of Trump's Putin meeting be useful? PHOTO: President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin arrive for a meeting in Helsinki, July 16, 2018. Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images, FILE Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images, FILE President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin arrive for a meeting in He...Read More From 2017 to 2019, amid former special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation into Russian efforts to influence the 2016 presidential election, Democrats raised questions about Trump’s conversations with Putin, especially after Trump said in Helsinki, standing next to Putin, that he believed his 2017 denial of election interference, over the findings of U.S. intelligence. MORE: Trump casts doubt on US intelligence, calls Putin's meddling denial 'strong and powerful' Similar questions were raised after the disclosure of an unplanned conversation with Putin during a G-20 dinner in Osaka, Japan, in June 2019 during which Trump was not accompanied by an interpreter. PHOTO: Russian President Vladimir Putin gestures speaks at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, Sept. 23, 2020. Mikhail Metzel/Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP, FILE Mikhail Metzel/Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP, FILE Russian President Vladimir Putin gestures speaks at the Kremlin in Moscow, Russia, Sept. 23, 2020. He had told reporters beforehand that his private discussions with Putin were "none of your business." MORE: Trump says what happens in Putin meeting is 'none of your business' In 2019, the Washington Post reported that the former president went to "extraordinary lengths" to conceal details of his conversations with Putin, leaving some subordinates without a clear record of the world leaders’ interactions. Rep. Tom Malinowksi, D-N.J., a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee who served as an assistant secretary of state in the Obama administration, said details about Trump and Putin’s conversations are "historically very interesting," but less relevant given that Trump "is not shaping US policy towards Russia or anything else." "At the time, my concern was not so much that the former president and Putin had agreed ... to do something not in our interest, because President Trump would have to tell somebody that," Malinowski said. "It was more the signal that it sent to Putin that Trump wanted to confide in him above his own team." Foreign policy analysts ABC News spoke with ahead of Biden’s meeting with Putin in Geneva largely downplayed concerns about Trump and Putin’s conversations, and their impact on Wednesday's summit. "You’d like to have it, but I don’t think it matters much," Ian Bremmer, a political scientist and president of the Eurasia Group, who first reported Trump and Putin’s second meeting at the G-20 in 2017, told ABC News. PHOTO: President Donald Trump, right, shakes hands with Russian President Vladimir Putin, left, during a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the G-20 summit in Osaka, Japan, June 28, 2019. Susan Walsh/AP, FILE Susan Walsh/AP, FILE President Donald Trump, right, shakes hands with Russian President Vladimir Putin, left...Read More "What happened beforehand has obviously created an atmosphere, a situation in the United States where everyone’s going to be watching closely what happens during that meeting and what is said afterwards,” Angela Stent, the Director of the Center for Eurasian, Russian and East European Studies at Georgetown University and a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, told ABC News. "But I think the substance of what was discussed between Trump and Putin is much less important for President Biden going forward." To prepare for his meeting with Putin, Biden has been receiving daily briefings leading up to the summit, sessions that have included advisors and experts inside the government, and senior officials in the previous administration, including Fiona Hill, a Russia expert who served on Trump’s National Security Council. "Biden is very engaged in those sessions," Brett Bruen, a former diplomat who served as the Director of Global Engagement at the White House during the Obama administration and participated in briefings with the then vice president, told ABC News. PHOTO: Then Vice President Joe Biden, left, shakes hands with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia, March 10, 2011. Alexei Druzhinin/AP, FILE Alexei Druzhinin/AP, FILE Then Vice President Joe Biden, left, shakes hands with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir...Read More "Obama would tend to listen, and ask a couple of questions, whereas with Biden it’s more of a conversation," he said. "He does perhaps, more than any other first term president going out on his first foreign trip, have the benefit of being on the world stage for a very long time." While Bruen said any gaps in the government’s record of Trump’s conversations with Putin could create "major blind spots" in Biden’s preparations, there’s been no indication that the questions have disrupted Biden’s preparations. In March, White House press secretary Jen Psaki told reporters she was "not aware" of any "deep dive" into finding out what Trump and Putin discussed during their one-on-one meetings. The White House declined to comment on whether the topic was revisited before Wednesday’s summit. Malinowski speculated that the Biden administration may not be in the dark about Trump's conversations despite concerns about limited notetaking, perhaps because the intelligence community had picked up internal Russian government accounts of the meeting. "From the people I’ve spoken to, the interpreter who was with Trump at the Helsinki meeting, the other people in the National Security Council at that point, they had a pretty good idea of what was said," Stent told ABC News. Unlike Trump’s meetings with Putin, Biden’s summit is unlikely to similarly dominate headlines, Bremmer predicted. "This was the single issue that most exercised the anti-Trump voters on foreign policy," he said. "I don’t think this will be front page news for a week." 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg Military situation as of 28 February 2022    Ukraine    Ukrainian territories occupied by Russia and pro-Russian separatists See also: Detailed map of the Russo-Ukrainian War Date 24 February 2022 – present (4 days) Location Ukraine[c] Status Ongoing (list of engagements · control of cities · timeline of events) Russian Ground Forces enter Ukraine from Russia, Crimea, and Belarus[4] Russian air and missile strikes target military bases, airports and major cities across Ukraine, including Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, and Odessa   Belligerents  Russia  Donetsk Republic[a]  Luhansk Republic[a]  Belarus[b]  Ukraine Commanders and leaders Russia Vladimir Putin Russia Mikhail Mishustin Russia Sergey Shoygu Russia Valery Gerasimov Russia Vladimir Kolokoltsev Donetsk People's Republic Denis Pushilin Donetsk People's Republic Vladimir Pashkov Luhansk People's Republic Leonid Pasechnik Luhansk People's Republic Sergey Kozlov Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy Ukraine Denys Shmyhal Ukraine Oleksii Reznikov Ukraine Denys Monastyrsky Ukraine Oleksii Danilov Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi Ukraine Serhiy Shaptala Ukraine Ruslan Khomchak Ukraine Oleksandr Syrskyi Ukraine Vitali Klitschko Strength  Russia: ~175,000–190,000[7][8]  Donetsk Republic: 20,000[9]  Luhansk Republic: 14,000[9]  Ukraine: 209,000 (armed forces) 102,000 (paramilitary) 900,000 (reserves)[9] Order of battle for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Casualties and losses Russia Per Russia (27 February): Some losses, but no official number[10] Per Ukraine (28 February): 5,300 casualties[11] 200 captured[12] Per Europe (28 February): ~4,000 killed and injured[13] Equipment losses: Ukraine Per Ukraine (24 February): 40+ soldiers killed[20] Per Russia: 470+ soldiers captured[16][21] Equipment losses: Per Ukraine: 352 civilians killed, 1,684 wounded[30] Per UN: 102+ civilians killed, 500,000+ refugees[31][32] 18 foreign citizens killed[d] Other losses: vte Russo-Ukrainian War On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a large-scale invasion of Ukraine, one of its neighbours to the southwest. Early reports declared it the largest conventional warfare operation in Europe since World War II.[43][44][45] It marks a major escalation between the countries that had been in a state of conflict since 2014.[46][47][48] The invasion was preceded by a Russian military build-up that started in early 2021, during which Russian president Vladimir Putin criticised the post-1997 enlargement of NATO as a threat to his country's security and demanded that Ukraine be legally prohibited from joining the military alliance. He also expressed irredentist views,[49] claiming Ukraine was wrongfully created by Soviet Russia.[50] Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials from 12 November 2021 to 20 February 2022 repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine.[51][52] On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, two self-proclaimed states in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine, and sent troops to the territories. The following day, the Russian Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia's borders.[53] Around 05:00 EET (UTC+2) on 24 February, Putin announced a "special military operation"[e][55] in eastern Ukraine; minutes later, missiles began to hit locations across Ukraine, including the capital, Kyiv. The Ukrainian Border Service said that its border posts with Russia and Belarus were attacked.[56][57] Two hours later, Russian ground forces entered the country.[58] Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy responded by enacting martial law, severing diplomatic ties with Russia, and ordering general mobilisation.[59][60] The invasion received widespread international condemnation, including new sanctions imposed on Russia, triggering the 2022 Russian financial crisis. Global protests took place against the invasion, while protests in Russia were met with mass arrests.[61][62] Both prior to and during the invasion, various Western nations have been providing Ukraine with arms and other materiel support.[63] The slogan Glory to Ukraine gained worldwide popularity as a symbol of resistance.[64] Background Main articles: Historical background of the Russo-Ukrainian War and Russo-Ukrainian War See also: Second Cold War Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal; it signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) would provide assurances against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".[65] Viktor Yanukovych, then prime minister, was declared the winner of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election despite allegations of vote-rigging by election observers.[66] The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, and widespread peaceful protests challenged the outcome in what became known as the Orange Revolution. During the tumultuous months of the revolution, candidate Yushchenko suddenly became gravely ill, and was soon found by multiple independent physician groups to have been poisoned by TCDD dioxin.[67][68] Yushchenko strongly suspected Russian involvement in his poisoning.[69] After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial result, a re-run of the second round was held, bringing Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko to power and leaving Yanukovych in opposition.[70] In 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to again run for president in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election,[71] which he won.[72] Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and war in Donbas Main articles: Revolution of Dignity and War in Donbas Euromaidan protests in Kyiv, December 2013 The Euromaidan protests began in 2013 over the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend the signing of the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Following weeks of protests, Yanukovych and the leaders of the Ukrainian parliamentary opposition signed a settlement agreement on 21 February 2014 that called for an early election. The following day, Yanukovych fled from Kyiv ahead of an impeachment vote that stripped him of his powers as president.[73][74][75] Leaders of the Russian-speaking eastern regions of Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych,[76] causing pro-Russian unrest.[77] The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the War in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the creation of the Russia-backed quasi-states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[78][79] Russian troops were involved in the conflict, although Russia formally denied this.[80][81] The Minsk agreements were signed in September 2014 and February 2015 in a bid to stop the fighting, although ceasefires repeatedly failed.[82] In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, in which he re-affirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".[83] American historian Timothy Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism.[84] British journalist Edward Lucas described it as historical revisionism.[85] Other observers have described the Russian leadership as having a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history.[86][87][88] Ukraine and other European countries neighbouring Russia accused Putin of attempting Russian irredentism and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.[89][90][91] Prelude See also: Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Russian military build-ups Main article: 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis US paratroopers of 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment depart Italy for Latvia, 24 February 2022. Thousands of US troops were deployed to eastern Europe amid Russia's military build-up.[92] From March to April 2021, Russia commenced a major military build-up near areas that border Ukraine. A second phase of troop expansion took place from October 2021 to February 2022. Russian equipment marked with a white Z symbol, which is not a Cyrillic letter, were spotted on the sides of the equipment during the build-up. Tanks, fighting vehicles, and other equipment bearing the symbol were seen as late as 22 February 2022. Observers believed that the marking was a deconfliction measure meant to prevent friendly fire incidents.[93] Russian officials' denials of plans to invade Despite the Russian military build-ups,[94] Russian officials over months repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine.[51][52][95] On 12 November 2021, Dmitry Peskov, the spokesman for Putin, told reporters that "Russia doesn’t threaten anyone. The movement of troops on our territory shouldn’t be a cause for anyone's concern".[51][52] On 28 November 2021, Peskov stated that "Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone ... Russia is a peaceful country, which is interested in good relations with its neighbors".[51] On 12 December 2021, Peskov said that tensions regarding Ukraine were "being created to further demonise Russia and cast it as a potential aggressor".[51] On 19 January 2022, Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov said that Russia does "not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine."[51] On 12 February 2022, Kremlin foreign affairs adviser Yuri Ushakov described discussion about the "so-called planned Russian invasion" as "hysteria".[51][52] On 20 February 2022, Russia's ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov said that Russian forces "don't threaten anyone. ... There is no invasion. There is [sic] no such plans."[52] The US sought to counter Russian denials by releasing intelligence relating to Russian invasion plans including satellite photographs of buildup and movement of Russian troops and equipment near the Ukrainian border. The US also claimed the existence of a list of key Ukrainians to be killed or detained upon invasion.[96] Russian accusations and demands See also: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas, and Neo-Nazism in Ukraine Deputy Prime Minister Olha Stefanishyna with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at a conference on 10 January 2022 regarding a potential Russian invasion In the leadup to the invasion, Putin and Kremlin officials engaged in a protracted series of accusations against Ukraine as well as demands against Ukraine and NATO in an attempt to generate justification for war. On 9 December 2021, Putin spoke of discrimination against Russian speakers outside Russia, saying: "I have to say that Russophobia is a first step towards genocide."[97][98] On 15 February 2022, Putin told the press: "What is going on in Donbas is exactly genocide."[99] The Russian government also condemned the language policy in Ukraine.[100][101][102] On 18 February, Anatoly Antonov, the Russian ambassador to the US, accused the US of condoning the forced cultural assimilation of Russians in Ukraine.[103] In an address on 21 February, Putin said that Ukrainian society "was faced with the rise of far-right nationalism, which rapidly developed into aggressive Russophobia and neo-Nazism."[104][105][106] Putin claimed that "Ukraine never had a tradition of genuine statehood" and was wrongly created by Soviet Russia.[50][107] Putin's claims were generally ineffective and largely dismissed by the international community.[108] In particular, Russian claims of genocide have been widely rejected as baseless.[109][110] The European Commission has also rejected the allegations as "Russian disinformation".[111] The US embassy in Ukraine called the Russian genocide claim a "reprehensible falsehood".[112] Ned Price, a spokesperson for the US State Department, said that Moscow was making such claims as an excuse for invading Ukraine.[99] According to press reports, Putin was using a "false 'Nazi' narrative", taking advantage of collaboration in German-occupied Ukraine during World War II, to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine; while there have been problems and the neo-Nazi Azov Battalion is a unit of the National Guard of Ukraine, analysts commented that Putin has largely overblown the issue, and said there is no widespread support for far-right ideology in the government, military, or electorate, and no far-right candidate won a single seat in the Verkhovna Rada, the national legislature, during the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.[106][113][114] Addressing the Russian claims specifically, Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, stated that his grandfather served in the Soviet Army fighting against the Nazis;[115] three of his family members died in the Holocaust.[116] The US Holocaust Memorial Museum condemned Putin's abuse of Holocaust history as a justification for war.[117][118] Some commentators described Putin's claims as reflecting his isolation and reliance on an inner circle who were unable to give him frank advice.[119] During the second build-up, Russia issued demands to the US and NATO which included a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join NATO and a reduction in NATO troops and military hardware stationed in Eastern Europe.[120] In addition, Russia threatened an unspecified military response if NATO continued to follow an "aggressive line".[121] These demands were largely interpreted as being non-viable. New NATO members had joined as their populations broadly preferred to move towards the safety and economic opportunities offered by NATO and the European Union, and away from Russia.[122] The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was also seen as unviable, although NATO showed no desire to accede to Ukraine's requests to join.[123] Alleged clashes Further information: War in Donbas Fighting in Donbas escalated significantly on 17 February 2022. While the daily number of attacks over the first six weeks of 2022 ranged from two to five,[124] the Ukrainian military reported 60 attacks on 17 February. Russian state media also reported over 20 artillery attacks on separatist positions the same day.[124] The Ukrainian government accused Russian separatists of shelling a kindergarten at Stanytsia Luhanska using artillery, injuring three civilians. The Luhansk People's Republic said that its forces had been attacked by the Ukrainian government with mortars, grenade launchers, and machine gun fire.[125][126] On 18 February, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic ordered mandatory evacuations of civilians from their respective capital cities,[127][128][129] although observers noted that full evacuations would take months to accomplish.[130] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as attempts to provoke the Ukrainian army.[131][132] On 21 February, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) announced that Ukrainian shelling had destroyed an FSB border facility 150 metres from the Russia–Ukraine border in Rostov Oblast.[133] The Luhansk thermal power station in the Luhansk People's Republic was also shelled by unknown forces.[134] Ukrainian news stated that it was forced to shut down as a result.[135] On 21 February, the press service of the Southern Military District announced that Russian forces had in the morning that day killed a group of five saboteurs near the village of Mityakinskaya, Rostov Oblast, that had penetrated the border from Ukraine in two infantry fighting vehicles, the vehicles having been destroyed.[136] Ukraine denied being involved in both incidents and called them a false flag.[137][138] Additionally, two Ukrainian soldiers and a civilian were reported killed by shelling in the village of Zaitseve, 30 kilometres (19 mi; 16 nmi) north of Donetsk.[139] Several analysts, including the investigative website Bellingcat,[140] published evidence that many of the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in Donbas were staged by Russia.[141][142][143] Escalation (21–23 February) File:Обращение Президента Российской Федерации 2022-02-21.webm Putin's address to the nation on 22 February 2022 On 21 February, following the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk republics, Putin directed the deployment of Russian troops (including mechanised forces) into Donbas in what Russia referred to as a "peacekeeping mission".[144][145] Russia's military said it killed five Ukrainian "saboteurs" who crossed the border into Russia, a claim strongly denied by Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba.[146] Later that day,[147] several independent media outlets confirmed that Russian forces were entering Donbas.[148][149][150] The 21 February intervention in Donbas was widely condemned by the UN Security Council and did not receive any support.[151] Kenya's ambassador Martin Kimani compared Putin's move to colonialism and said: "We must complete our recovery from the embers of dead empires in a way that does not plunge us back into new forms of domination and oppression."[152] On 22 February, US president Joe Biden stated that "the beginning of a Russian invasion of Ukraine" had occurred. NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said that "further invasion" had taken place. Ukrainian foreign minister Kuleba stated: "There's no such thing as a minor, middle or major invasion. Invasion is an invasion." Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that "Russian troops [had arrived] on Ukrainian soil" in what was "[not] a fully-fledged invasion".[153][154] On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised Putin to use military force outside Russia.[53] In turn, Zelenskyy ordered a conscription of Ukraine's reservists, while not committing to general mobilisation yet.[155] File:Mixed Feelings on the Russian Side of the Ukraine Border Over Potential War.webmhd.webm "Mixed Feelings on the Russian Side of the Ukraine Border Over Potential War", a video news report from Voice of America On 23 February, the Verkhovna Rada proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas, which took effect at midnight. The parliament also ordered the mobilisation of all reservists of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[156][157][158] On the same day, Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.[159] The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by DDoS attacks.[160] By night on 23 February, Zelenskyy made a televised speech in which he addressed the citizens of Russia in Russian and pleaded with them to prevent war.[161][162][163] In the speech, Zelenskyy refuted claims of the Russian government about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and stated that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region.[164][165] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that the leaders of the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics sent a letter to Putin appealing for military support from Russia "in repelling the aggression of the Ukrainian armed forces", with the letter claiming that Ukrainian government shelling had caused civilian deaths.[166] In response to the appeal, Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security Council meeting.[167] Another meeting was convened on 23–24 February. Russia, which held the presidency of the UN Security Council for February 2022 and has veto power as one of five permanent members,[168][169] launched its invasion of Ukraine during the emergency meeting aiming to defuse the crisis. UN Secretary-General António Guterres pleaded to Putin: "Give peace a chance."[168] Invasion Further information: List of military engagements during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine See also: Cities and towns during the Russo-Ukrainian War and Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022) An animated map of the invasion 24 February See also: Attack on Snake Island, Battle of Antonov Airport, Battle of Chernihiv, Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Battle of Konotop (2022), Battle of Sumy, Kherson offensive, and Kyiv offensive (2022) Structure in Kyiv hit by a missile fragment, 24 February Shortly before 06:00 Moscow Time (UTC+3) on 24 February, Putin announced that he had made the decision to launch a "special military operation" in eastern Ukraine.[170][171][172] In his address, Putin claimed there were no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported the right of the peoples of Ukraine to self-determination.[173] Putin also stated that Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine and urged the Ukrainian military to lay down their arms and go to their homes.[174][175][176] He said that "all responsibility for possible bloodshed will be entirely on the conscience of the regime ruling on the territory of Ukraine."[170] Putin's claims that neo-Nazis were in control of Ukraine's government were again widely rejected as baseless,[177][178][179] and condemned by the US Holocaust Memorial Museum.[180] In light of a request by the Russian Ministry of Defence asking air traffic control units of Ukraine to stop flights, airspace over Ukraine was restricted to non-civilian air traffic, with the whole area being deemed an active conflict zone by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency.[181] Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, and the Donbas.[182] Ukrainian officials said that Russia had landed troops in Mariupol and Odessa and launched cruise and ballistic missiles at airfields, military headquarters, and military depots in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Dnipro.[183][184][185] Military vehicles entered Ukraine through Senkivka, at the point where Ukraine meets Belarus and Russia, at around 6:48 am local time.[186] A video captured Russian troops entering Ukraine from Russian-annexed Crimea.[187][188] The Kremlin planned to initially target artillery and missiles at command and control centres and then send fighter jets and helicopters to quickly gain air superiority.[189] The Center for Naval Analyses said that Russia would create a pincer movement to encircle Kyiv and envelop Ukraine's forces in the east, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies identifying three axes of advance: from Belarus in the north, from Donetsk, and from Crimea in the south.[189] The US said it believed that Russia intended to "decapitate" Ukraine's government and install their own,[190] with US intelligence officials believing that Kyiv would fall within 96 hours given circumstances on the ground.[191] According to Ukrainian Minister of State Anton Herashchenko, just after 06:30 UTC+2, Russian forces were invading via land near the city of Kharkiv[192] and large-scale amphibious landings were reported in the city of Mariupol.[162][193][194] At 07:40, the BBC cited other sources in saying that troops were also entering the country from Belarusian territory.[195] The Ukrainian Border Force reported attacks on sites in Luhansk, Sumy, Kharkiv, Chernihiv and Zhytomyr, as well as from Crimea.[196] The Russian Ministry of Defence claimed no resistance by Ukrainian border forces.[197] The Ukrainian interior ministry reported that Russian forces captured the villages of Horodyshche and Milove in Luhansk.[162] The Ukrainian Centre for Strategic Communication reported that the Ukrainian army repelled an attack near Shchastia (near Luhansk) and retook control of the town, claiming nearly 50 casualties from the Russian side.[198] After being offline for an hour, the Ukrainian Defence Ministry's website was restored, and declared that it had shot down five planes and one helicopter in Luhansk.[199] Shortly before 07:00 (UTC+2), Zelenskyy announced the introduction of martial law in Ukraine.[200] Later, he ordered the Ukrainian Army to "inflict maximum losses" to the invaders.[201] Zelenskyy also announced that Russia–Ukraine relations were being severed, effective immediately.[202] Later in the day, he announced general mobilisation.[59] Russian missiles targeted Ukrainian infrastructure, including Boryspil International Airport, Ukraine's largest airport, 29 km (18 mi) east of Kyiv.[203] Ukraine closed its air space for civilian flights.[204] A military unit in Podilsk was attacked by Russian forces, resulting in six deaths and seven wounded. Nineteen more people were also reported missing.[205] Another person was killed in the city of Mariupol. A house in Chuhuiv was damaged by Russian artillery; its occupants were injured and one boy died.[206][207] Eighteen people were killed by Russian bombing in the village of Lipetske in Odesa Oblast.[207] File:VOA video of Eastern Ukraine during 2022 Russian invasion.webm Scenes in eastern Ukraine during the invasion At 10:00 (UTC+2), it was reported during the briefing of the Ukrainian presidential administration that Russian troops had invaded Ukraine from the north (up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the border). Russian troops were said to be active in Kharkiv Oblast, in Chernihiv Oblast, and near Sumy.[208] Zelenskyy's press service also reported that Ukraine had repulsed an attack in Volyn Oblast.[209] At 10:30 (UTC+2), the Ukrainian Defence Ministry reported that Russian troops in Chernihiv Oblast had been stopped, a major battle near Kharkiv was in progress, and Mariupol and Shchastia had been fully reclaimed.[210] The Ukrainian military claimed that six Russian planes, two helicopters, and dozens of armoured vehicles were destroyed.[210] Russia denied having lost any aircraft or armoured vehicles.[211] Ukrainian commander-in-chief Valerii Zaluzhnyi published photos of two captured Russian soldiers saying they were from the Russian 423rd Guards Yampolsky Motor Rifle Regiment (military unit 91701).[212] Russia's 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade recon platoon surrendered[183] near Chernihiv.[213] In the Battle of Antonov Airport, Russian airborne troops seized the Hostomel Airport in Hostomel, a suburb of Kyiv, after being transported by helicopters early in the morning; a Ukrainian counteroffensive to recapture the airport was launched later in the day.[214][215] The Rapid Response Brigade of the Ukrainian National Guard stated that it had fought at the airfield, shooting down three of 34 Russian helicopters.[216] Belarus allowed Russian troops to invade Ukraine from the north. At 11:00 (UTC+2), Ukrainian border guards reported a border breach in Vilcha (Kyiv Oblast), and border guards in Zhytomyr Oblast were bombarded by Russian rocket launchers (presumably BM-21 Grad).[207] A helicopter without markings reportedly bombed Slavutych border guards position from Belarus.[217] At 11:30 (UTC+2), a second wave of Russian missile bombings targeted the cities of Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkiv, and Lviv. Heavy ground fighting was reported in the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.[218] Civil rights activists in Poland reported an increase in the crossing of migrants from Belarus to Poland.[219] As part of the 2021–2022 Belarus–European Union border crisis, Belarus is considered by observers to be taking orders from Russia and using migrants at the Polish-Belarus border as a weapon.[220] By 12:04 (UTC+2), Russian troops advancing from Crimea moved towards the city of Nova Kakhovka in Kherson Oblast.[221] Later that day, Russian troops entered the city of Kherson and took control of the North Crimean Canal, which would allow them to resume water supplies for the peninsula.[222] A destroyed APC from the Battle of Konotop At 13:00 and 13:19 (UTC+2), Ukrainian border guards and Armed Forces reported two new clashes—near Sumy ("in the direction of Konotop") and Starobilsk (Luhansk Oblast).[207] At 13:32 (UTC+2), Valerii Zaluzhnyi reported four ballistic missiles launched from the territory of Belarus in the southwestern direction.[207] Several stations of Kyiv Metro and Kharkiv Metro were used as bomb shelters for the local population.[207] A local hospital in Vuhledar (Donetsk Oblast) was reported to have been bombed with four civilians dead and 10 wounded (including 6 physicians).[207] Ukrainian border guards reported that two Russian ships, Vasily Bykov (Project 22160 patrol ship) and Moskva, attacked and tried to capture the small Snake Island near the Danube Delta.[207] At 16:00 (UTC+2), Zelenskyy said that fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces had erupted in the ghost cities of Chernobyl and Pripyat.[223] By around 18:20 (UTC+2), the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was under Russian control,[224][225][226] as were the surrounding areas.[227][228][223] According to the Verkhovna Rada deputy Maryana Bezuhla, Russian troops threatened to attack Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[229] At 16:18 (UTC+2), Vitali Klitschko, the mayor of Kyiv, proclaimed a curfew lasting from 22:00 to 07:00.[230] Filippo Grandi, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, estimated that more than 100,000 Ukrainians suffered forced displacement, with thousands of these crossing into Moldova and Romania.[231] At 22:00 (UTC+2), the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian forces had captured Snake Island following a naval and air bombardment of the island.[232] All thirteen border guards on the island were assumed to have been killed in the bombardment, after refusing to surrender to a Russian warship; a recording of the guards refusing an offer to surrender went viral on social media. President Zelenskyy announced that the presumed-dead border guards would be posthumously granted the title of Hero of Ukraine, the country's highest honor.[233][234] Seventeen civilians were confirmed killed, including thirteen killed in Southern Ukraine,[235] three in Mariupol, and one in Kharkiv.[236] Zelenskyy stated that 137 Ukrainian citizens (both soldiers and civilians) died on the first day of the invasion.[231] Shortly after 23:00 (UTC+2), President Zelenskyy ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old; for the same reason, Ukrainian males from that age group were banned from leaving Ukraine.[60] 25 February See also: Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Battle of Kyiv (2022), Battle of Mariupol (2022), Battle of Starobilsk, Kherson offensive, Kyiv offensive (2022), and Millerovo air base attack File:Kyiv Tense as Russian Forces Advance.webm "Kyiv Tense as Russian Forces Advance", video news report from Voice of America By 01:24 (UTC+2), Zelenskyy had ordered the full mobilisation of the Ukrainian military for 90 days.[237] Around 04:00 (UTC+2) local time, Kyiv was rocked with two explosions. Ukrainian Interior Ministry official Anton Herashchenko relayed via text message that those explosions were cruise and ballistic missiles being targeted at Kyiv.[238] The Ukrainian government said that it had shot down an enemy aircraft over Kyiv, which then crashed into a residential building, setting it on fire.[239] It was later confirmed that the aircraft was a Ukrainian Su-27.[23] Independent military analysts noted that Russian forces in the north of the country appeared to have been heavily engaged by the Ukrainian military. Russian units were attempting to encircle Kyiv and advance into Kharkiv but were bogged down in heavy fighting, with social media images suggesting that some Russian armoured columns had been ambushed. In contrast, Russian operations in the east and south were more effective. The best trained and equipped Russian units were positioned outside Donbas in the southeast and appeared to have maneuvered around the prepared defensive trenches and attacked in the rear of Ukrainian defensive positions. Meanwhile, Russian military forces advancing from Crimea were divided into two columns, with analysts suggesting that they may have been attempting to encircle and entrap the Ukrainian defenders at Donbas, forcing the Ukrainians to abandon their prepared defences and fight in the open.[240] On the morning of 25 February, Zelenskyy accused Russia of targeting civilian as well as military sites in a televised address.[241] Ukrainian Interior Ministry representative Vadym Denysenko said that 33 civilian sites had been hit in the previous 24 hours.[242] Ukraine's Defence Ministry stated that Russian forces had entered the district of Obolon, Kyiv, and were approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) from the Verkhovna Rada building.[233] The Defence Ministry also announced that all Ukrainian civilians were eligible to volunteer for military service regardless of their age.[183] An apartment block in Kyiv (Oleksandr Koshyts Street) after shelling, 25 February Ukrainian authorities reported that a non-critical increase in radiation exceeding control levels had been detected at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after Russian troops had occupied the area, saying that this was due to the movement of heavy military vehicles lifting radioactive dust into the air.[243][244] Russia claimed that it was defending the plant from nationalistic and terrorist groups, and that staff were monitoring radiation levels at the site.[233] The mayor of Horlivka in the Russian-backed Donetsk People's Republic reported that a munition fired by the Ukrainian military hit a local school building, killing two teachers.[245] Zelenskyy indicated that the Ukrainian government was not "afraid to talk about neutral status".[246] On the same day, President Putin indicated to Chinese president Xi Jinping that "Russia is willing to conduct high-level negotiations with Ukraine".[247] As Russian troops approached Kyiv, Zelenskyy asked residents to prepare Molotov cocktails to "neutralise" the enemy. Putin meanwhile called on the Ukrainian military to overthrow the government.[248][249] Ukraine distributed 18,000 guns to Kyiv residents who expressed a willingness to fight and deployed the Territorial Defence Forces, the reserve component of the Ukrainian military, for the defence of Kyiv.[250] Some Russian forces had entered northern Kyiv, but had not progressed beyond that.[251] Russia's Spetsnaz troops infiltrated the city with the intention of "hunting" government officials.[252] By the evening, the Pentagon stated that Russia had not established air supremacy of Ukrainian airspace, which US analysts had predicted would happen quickly after hostilities began. Ukrainian air defence capabilities had been degraded by Russian attacks, but remained operational. Military aircraft from both nations continued to fly over Ukraine.[253] The Pentagon also said that Russian troops were also not advancing as quickly as either US intelligence or Moscow believed they would, that Russia had not taken any population centres, and that Ukrainian command and control was still intact. The Pentagon warned that Russia had sent into Ukraine only 30 percent of the 150,000–190,000 troops it had massed at the border.[254] A Ukrainian missile attack was launched against the Millerovo air base in Russia.[255] A Russian tank from a military column was filmed crushing a civilian car in northern Kyiv, veering across the road to crush it. The car driver, an elderly man, survived and was helped out by locals.[256][257][258] 26 February See also: Battle of Kyiv (2022), Battle of Mykolaiv, Battle of Vasylkiv, Kherson offensive, and Kyiv offensive (2022) Apartment block in Kyiv (Valeriy Lobanovskyi Avenue) struck by a missile, 26 February. Apartment block in Kharkiv partially ruined by a missile, 26 February. File:Solemn Kyiv Copes with Bombs Gunfire.webm "Solemn Kyiv Copes with Bombs, Gunfire", a video news report from Voice of America At 00:00 UTC, heavy fighting was reported to the south of Kyiv, near the city of Vasylkiv and its air base.[259] The Ukrainian General Staff claimed that a Ukrainian Su-27 fighter had shot down a Russian Il-76 transport plane carrying paratroopers near the city.[260] Vasylkiv mayor Natalia Balasinovich said her city had been successfully defended by Ukrainian forces and the fighting was ending.[261] File:Потрапляння ракети у київський будинок.webm A rocket hits an apartment building in Kyiv on February 26 Around 03:00, more than 48 explosions in 30 minutes were reported around Kyiv, as the Ukrainian military was reported to be fighting near the CHP-6 power station in the northern neighbourhood of Troieshchyna.[262] The BBC reported the attack may be an attempt to cut off electricity to the city. Heavy fighting was reported near the Kyiv Zoo and the Shuliavka neighbourhood. Early on 26 February, the Ukrainian military said it had repelled a Russian attack on an army base located on Peremohy Avenue, a main road in Kyiv;[263] it also claimed to have repelled a Russian assault on the city of Mykolaiv on the Black Sea.[264] American officials said a Russian Il-76 transport plane had been shot down by Ukrainian forces near Bila Tserkva, about fifty miles south of Kyiv.[18][265] President Zelenskyy remained in Kyiv, and CNN reported that he had refused US offers of evacuation, instead requesting more ammunition for Ukrainian troops.[266] Hundreds of casualties were reported during overnight fighting in Kyiv by the Associated Press, which said shelling had destroyed an apartment building, bridges, and schools.[18] The Russian defence ministry said it had captured Melitopol, near the Sea of Azov,[267] although British minister James Heappey questioned this claim.[268] At 11:00, the Ukrainian General Staff reported that its aircraft had conducted 34 sorties in the past 24 hours, indicating that Russia had continued to, unexpectedly, fail to gain air superiority.[269] By the afternoon, most of the Russian forces that had amassed around Ukraine were fighting in the country. Mayor Klitschko of Kyiv imposed a curfew from 5 p.m. Saturday until 8 a.m. Monday, warning that anyone outside during that time would be considered enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups.[270] Reuters reported that internet connections were disrupted in parts of Ukraine, particularly in the south and east.[271] In response to a request from Mykhailo Fedorov, the Vice-Prime Minister of Ukraine, Elon Musk announced that he had turned on his Starlink service in Ukraine, with "more terminals en route".[272][273] Ukrainian Interior Ministry representative Vadym Denysenko stated that Russian forces had advanced further towards Enerhodar and the Zaporizhia Nuclear Power Plant. He stated that they were deploying Grad missiles there and warned that they may attack the plant.[274] The Zaporizhia Regional State Administration stated that the Russian forces advancing on Enerhodar had later returned to Bolshaya Belozerka, a village located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the city, on the same day.[275] A Japanese-owned cargo ship, the MV Namura Queen with 20 crew members onboard was struck by a Russian missile in the Black Sea. A Moldovan ship, MV Millennial Spirit, was also shelled by a Russian warship, causing serious injuries.[276] Ramzan Kadyrov, the head of the Chechen Republic, confirmed that the Kadyrovtsy, units loyal to the Chechen Republic, had been deployed into Ukraine as well.[277] CNN obtained footage of a Russian TOS-1 system, which carries thermobaric weapons, near the Ukrainian border.[278] The Daily Telegraph reported that Western officials warned such weapons would cause indiscriminate violence.[279] The Russian military used these kind of weapons in the First Chechen War in the 1990s and other countries deployed them in military conflicts likewise.[280] A six-year-old boy was killed and multiple others were wounded when artillery fire hit the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv.[281] The Ukrainian military claimed to have blown up a convoy of 56 tankers in Chernihiv Oblast carrying diesel for Russian forces.[282] By the end of the day, Russian forces had failed in their attempts to encircle and isolate Kyiv, despite mechanised and airborne attacks.[283] The Ukrainian General Staff reported that Russia had committed its operational northern reserve of 17 battalion tactical groups (BTGs) after Ukrainian forces halted the advance of 14 BTGs to the north of Kyiv.[269] Russia temporarily abandoned attempts to seize Chernihiv and Kharkiv after attacks were repelled by determined Ukrainian resistance, and bypassed those cities to continue towards Kyiv.[283] In the south, Russia took Berdiansk and threatened to encircle Mariupol.[269] The ISW said that poor planning and execution was leading to morale and logistical issues for the Russian military in northern Ukraine.[283] US and British officials reported that Russian forces faced shortages of gasoline and diesel, leading to tanks and armoured vehicles stalling and slowing their advance.[284] Videos also emerged online of Russian tanks and armoured personnel carriers (APCs) stranded on the roadside.[285] Russia continued to not use its full arsenal; the ISW said this was likely to avoid the diplomatic and public relations consequences of mass civilian casualties, as well as to avoid creating rubble that would impede the advance of its own forces.[269] 27 February Equipment of Russian sabotage and reconnaissance group captured in Odessa Oblast See also: Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Battle of Kyiv (2022), Battle of Sumy, Kherson offensive, and Kyiv offensive (2022) Overnight, a gas pipeline outside Kharkiv was reported to have been blown up by a Russian attack,[286] while an oil depot in the village of Kriachky near Vasylkiv ignited after being hit by missiles.[287] Heavy fighting near the Vasylkiv air base prevented firefighters from tackling the blaze.[288] Also at night, it was reported that a group of Ukrainian Roma (Gypsies) had seized a Russian tank in Liubymivka, close to Kakhovka, in the Kherson Oblast.[289][290] Furthermore, the Presidential Office stated that Zhuliany Airport was also bombed.[291] Russian-backed separatists in Luhansk province said that an oil terminal in the town of Rovenky was hit by a Ukrainian missile.[292] The State Emergency Service of Ukraine rescued 80 people from a nine-story residential building in Kharkiv after Russian artillery hit the building, extensively damaging it and killing a woman.[293] Nova Kakhovka's mayor, Vladimir Kovalenko, confirmed that the city had been seized by Russian troops, and he accused them of destroying the settlements of Kozatske and Vesele.[294] Russian troops also entered Kharkiv, with fighting taking place in the city streets, including in the city centre.[295] At the same time, Russian tanks started pushing into Sumy.[296] Meanwhile, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that Russian forces had completely surrounded Kherson and Berdiansk, in addition to capturing Henichesk and Kherson International Airport in Chernobaevka.[297][298] By the early afternoon, Kharkiv Oblast governor Oleh Synyehubov stated that Ukrainian forces had regained full control of Kharkiv,[299] and Ukranian authorities said that dozens of Russian troops in the city had surrendered.[300] Hennadiy Matsegora, the mayor of Kupiansk, later agreed to hand over control of the city to Russian forces.[301] Sergey Melikov, the head of the Republic of Dagestan, announced that a high-ranking Dagestani officer, had been killed.[302] The Verkhovna Rada claimed that a unit of Kadyrovtsy soldiers was defeated in Hostomel.[303] Putin ordered Russian nuclear forces on a high alert, a "special regime of combat duty", in response to what he called "aggressive statements" by NATO members.[304][305][306] This statement was met with harsh criticism from NATO, the European Union (EU), and the United Nations (UN); Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg described it as being "dangerous and irresponsible", while UN official Stéphane Dujarric called the idea of a nuclear war "inconceivable".[307][308] Ukraine said that it would send a delegation to meet with a Russian delegation for talks in Gomel, Belarus. Zelenskyy's office said that they agreed to meet without preconditions.[309][310][311] Zelenskyy also said that he talked by telephone with Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko and stated that he was promised that Belarusian troops would not be sent to Ukraine.[312] According to the intelligence analyst firm Rochan Consulting, Russia had been able to connect Crimea with areas in eastern Ukraine held by pro-Russian forces by besieging Mariupol and Berdiansk.[313] Oleksiy Arestovych, an advisor to President Zelenskyy, stated that Berdiansk had been captured by Russian forces.[314] The main Russian force from the Crimea was advancing north towards Zaporizhzhia, while a Russian force on the east bank of the Dnipro threatened Mykolaiv.[315] The Guardian reported that Russian forces were pushed back in Bucha and Irpin to the north-west of Kyiv. According to British military intelligence, Russian mechanised forces had bypassed Chernihiv as they moved towards Kyiv.[316] Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai accused Russian forces of destroying Stanytsia Luhanska and Shchastia before capturing them, while Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko also accused them of destroying Volnovakha.[317] The ISW said that Russian forces in northern Ukraine had likely conducted an "operational pause" starting the previous day in order to deploy additional forces and supplies; Russian military resources not previously part of the invasion force were being moved toward Ukraine in anticipation of a more difficult conflict than initially expected.[315] 28 February See also: Battle of Kyiv (2022), Battle of Zaporizhzhia, Kherson offensive, Kyiv offensive (2022), and Zhytomyr Airport attack File:Chernihiv, 28.02.2022 - State Emergency Service of Ukraine.webm Ruins in Chernihiv after Russian shelling on 28 February File:Russian shelling of Kharkiv, 28 February 2022.webm Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 28 February A US official said that Belarus was preparing to send its own soldiers into Ukraine in support of the Russian invasion, despite previous agreements with Ukraine.[318] The Kyiv Independent relayed an anonymous report by unnamed Belarusian opposition journalists that Belarusian paratroopers were to be deployed, likely either to the Kyiv or Zhytomyr areas.[319] Fighting took place around Mariupol throughout the night.[320] On the morning of 28 February, the UK defence ministry said that most Russian ground forces remained over 30 km (19 mi) north of Kyiv, having been slowed by Ukrainian resistance at Hostomel Airport. It also said that fighting was taking place near Chernihiv and Kharkiv, and that both cities remained under Ukrainian control.[321] The Russian Defense Ministry announced the capture of Berdiansk and Enerhodar, in addition to the surroundings of Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. Ukraine denied that it had lost control of the plant.[322] Enerhodar's mayor Dmitri Orlov denied that the city and the plant had been captured.[323] The Times reported that the Wagner Group had been redeployed from Africa to Kyiv, with orders to assassinate Zelenskyy during the first days of the Russian invasion.[324] Both the Ukrainian and Russian governments meanwhile accused each other of using human shields.[325][326] Arestovych claimed that more than 200 Russian military vehicles had been destroyed or damaged on the highway between Irpin and Zhytomyr by 14:00 EET.[327] Synyehubov stated that 11 civilians were killed and dozens were wounded because of Russian shelling on Kharkiv during daytime.[328] Foreign military support to Ukraine See also: List of foreign aid during the Russo-Ukrainian War Under the leadership of Viktor Yanukovych, the Ukrainian military had deteriorated. It was further weakened following Yanukovych's fall and his succession by West-looking leaders. Subsequently, a number of Ukraine's allies began providing military aid to rebuild its military forces. This assisted the Ukrainian military to improve its quality, with the Ukrainian army achieving noticeable succusses against Russian proxy forces in Donbas. As Russia began building up its equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders, NATO member states increased the rate of weapons delivery.[329] US president Joe Biden used Presidential Drawdown Authorities in August and December 2021 to provide $260 million in aid. These included deliveries of FGM-148 Javelins and other anti-armour weapons, small arms, various calibres of ammunition, and other equipment.[330][331][332] Following the invasion, nations began making further commitments of arms deliveries. Belgium,[333] the Czech Republic,[334] Estonia,[335] France, Greece,[336] the Netherlands, Portugal,[337] and the United Kingdom announced that they would send more arms, to support and defend the Ukrainian military and government.[338] On 24 February, Poland delivered some military supplies to Ukraine, including 100 mortars, various ammunition, and over 40,000 helmets.[339][340] While some of the 30 members of NATO are sending weapons, NATO as an organisation is not.[63] In January 2022, Germany ruled out sending weapons to Ukraine and prevented Estonia, through export controls on German-made arms, from sending former East German D-30 howitzers to Ukraine.[341] Germany announced it was sending 5,000 helmets and a field hospital to Ukraine,[342] to which Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko derisively responded: "What will they send next? Pillows?"[343] On 26 February, in a reversal of its previous position, Germany approved the Netherlands' request to send 400 rocket-propelled grenades to Ukraine,[344] as well as 500 Stinger missiles and 1,000 anti-tank weapons from its own supplies.[345] On 26 February, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that he had authorised $350 million in lethal military assistance, including "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems, small arms and various caliber munitions, body armor, and related equipment".[346][347] Russia claimed that US drones gave intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target its warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.[348] On 27 February, Portugal announced that it would send H&K G3 automatic rifles and other military equipment;[337] the Norwegian government said it would not send weapons to Ukraine, but would send other military equipment, such as helmets and other protective gear.[349][350][351] Sweden and Denmark both decided to send 5,000 and 2,700 anti-tank weapons, respectively, to Ukraine.[352][353] Denmark would also provide parts from 300 non-operational Stinger missiles, that the US would first help make operational.[354] On the same day, the European Union agreed to purchase weapons for Ukraine collectively. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell stated that it would purchase €450 million (US$502 million) in lethal assistance and an additional €50 million ($56 million) in non-lethal supplies. Borrell said that EU defence ministers still needed to determine the details of how to purchase the materiel and transfer it to Ukraine, but that Poland had agreed to act as a distribution hub.[355][356][357] Borrell also stated that they intended to supply Ukraine with fighter jets that they are already able to pilot. These would not be paid for through the €450 million assistance package. Poland, Bulgaria, and Slovakia have MiG-29s and Slovakia also has Su-25s, which are fighter jets that Ukraine already flies and can be transferred without pilot training.[358] Humanitarian impact Casualties Further information: Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War Ambox current red Americas.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2022) Breakdown Fatalities Time period Source TOTAL 644 killed 24–25 February 2022 UK Ministry of Defence[359] Civilians 352 killed 24–27 February 2022 Ukrainian government[360] Civilians 57 killed 24–25 February 2022 UK Ministry of Defence[359] UAF, NGU, and volunteer forces 40+ killed 24 February 2022 Ukrainian government[361] UAF, NGU, and volunteer forces 137 killed 24–25 February 2022 UK Ministry of Defence[359] The Ukrainian Ambassador to the United Nations; Sergiy Kyslytsya announced on 27 February 2022 via Twitter that the country had reached out to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for help in the repatriation effort of the bodies of killed Russian soldiers.[362] Due to concerns that Russia was not reporting the amount or any casualties of soldiers in Ukraine, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry began issuing appeals on 27 February, for relatives of Russian soldiers to help identify wounded, captured or killed soldiers. The initiative; Ishchi Svoikh (Look for Your Own) was quickly blocked by the Russian governments media regulator the day the initiative began at the request of Russia's Prosecutor-General's Office.[363] Refugees Refugees from Ukraine at border posts in the west of the country Due to the continued military build-up along the Ukrainian border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations have been preparing for a potential mass displacement event for weeks prior to the actual invasion. The Ukrainian Defence Minister estimated in December 2021 that an invasion could potentially force between three and five million people to flee their homes.[364] On 24 February, the Government of Latvia approved a contingency plan to receive and accommodate approximately 10,000 refugees from Ukraine,[365] and two days later the first refugees, assisted by the Latvian Samaritan Association, began arriving. Several non-governmental organizations, municipalities, schools and institutions also pledged to provide accommodation.[366] On 27 February, around 20 volunteer professional drivers departed to Lublin with donated supplies, bringing Ukrainian refugees to Latvia on their way back.[367] Ana Revenco, the Interior Minister of Moldova, said on 25 February that over 15,800 Ukrainian citizens had crossed the border into Moldova. The Interior Ministry of Romania stated that around 10,000 Ukrainians had crossed into the country since the start of the invasion, but only 11 of them had applied for refugee status in the country.[368] To facilitate border crossings, Poland lifted C19 entry rules.[369] On 26 February, Polish minister Paweł Szefernaker said that approximately 100,000 people had crossed into Poland since the start of the invasion.[370] The government of Hungary announced on 24 February that all persons crossing the border from Ukraine, those without a travel document and arriving from third countries would also be admitted after appropriate screening.[371] Prime Minister Viktor Orbán said that Hungary is a "friendly place" for people arriving from Ukraine.[372] Approximately 26,000 Ukrainian refugees, of which a majority were Transcarpathian Hungarians, crossed the Hungarian border on 24–25 February; none of them requested any form of protection.[373] Men between the age of 18 and 60 were denied from leaving Ukraine. [291] Ukrainian refugees started crossing into Romania as well. Most of them entered through Siret in Suceava County.[374] Romania also exempted Ukrainian refugees from mandatory quarantine upon entry into the country imposed in the context of the C19 pandemic.[375] In the first three days after the invasion, 31,000 Ukrainians entered Romania, of which only 111 requested some form of protection. Many used the Romanian or Ukrainian passport they held, preferring not to seek asylum for the time being. Romania's Interior Ministry approved on 26 February the installation of the first mobile camp near the Siret customs.[376] Non-stop information and coordination point in Bucharest North Railway Station designed to provide aid to arriving Ukrainian refugees. А large group of refugees is also expected in Bulgaria.[377] Various municipalities announced their intentions to provide accommodations for Bulgarians and Ukrainians fleeing the country on 25 February, and had begun to modify and/or build housing locations for new arrivals.[378] On 26 February, Slovakia announced that they would give money to people who supported Ukrainian refugees. Over the previous 24 hour period, Slovakia had received over 10,000 refugees, mostly women and children.[379] On 27 February, UNHCR stated that more than 268,000 people had fled Ukraine since the start of the invasion. Of these, Poland reported that 156,000 people had crossed its border, including 77,300 on 26 February alone.[380] Later the same day, the EU agreed to take in Ukrainian refugees for up to three years without asking them to apply for asylum.[381] It was reported that Ukrainian border guards did not permit a number of non-Ukrainians (many of them foreign students stuck in the country) to cross the border into neighbouring safe nations, claiming that priority was being given to Ukrainian citizens to cross first. The Ukrainian Foreign Minister said there were no restrictions on foreign citizens leaving Ukraine, and that the border force had been told to allow all foreign citizens to leave.[382] War crimes Main articles: Russian war crimes § Ukraine, and War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine The invasion of Ukraine violates the Charter of the United Nations and constitutes a crime of aggression according to international criminal law; the crime of aggression can be prosecuted under universal jurisdiction.[383][384][385] The invasion also violates the Rome Statute, which prohibits "the invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof"; however, Ukraine has not ratified the Rome Statute and Russia withdrew its signature from it in 2016.[386] On 25 February, Amnesty International said that it had found irrefutable evidence that Russia had violated international humanitarian law, and that some of its attacks may amount to war crimes; it also said that Russian claims to be only using precision-guided weapons were false.[387][388] Amnesty and Human Rights Watch said that Russian forces had carried out indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas and strikes on hospitals, including firing a 9M79 Tochka ballistic missile with a cluster munition warhead towards a hospital in Vuhledar, which killed four civilians and wounded ten others, including six healthcare staff.[389][390] Dmytro Zhyvytskyi, the governor of Sumy Oblast, said that at least six Ukrainians, including a seven-year-old girl, had died in a Russian attack on the city of Okhtyrka on 26 February, and that a kindergarten and orphanage had been hit. Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba called for the International Criminal Court to investigate the incident.[391] On 27 February, Ukraine filed a lawsuit against the Russian Federation before the International Court of Justice, accusing Russia of violating the Genocide Convention of 1948.[392] A diplomatic crisis within Greece–Russia relations sparked when the latter's air forces bombarded two villages of the Greek minority in Ukraine near Mariupol, killing 12 ethnic Greeks.[393] Greece protested strongly, summoning the Russian ambassador. French president Emmanuel Macron and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken,[394] along with Germany,[395] Poland, Sweden, and other countries, expressed their condolences to Greece for the massacre, while Moscow denied any involvement. Athens refuted Moscow's claims, announcing it possesses evidence of Russian involvement.[396] Following this, Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis announced that his country would send defensive military equipment and humanitarian aid to support Ukraine.[397][336] Ramifications Sanctions Further information: International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War See also: Russia–Ukraine gas disputes, South Stream, and TurkStream File:President Biden on 2022 Russia invasion.webm US president Joe Biden's statements and a short question and answer session on 24 February 2022 Nord Stream, a natural gas pipeline, runs under the Baltic Sea (bypass Ukraine pipeline). Germany imports 50% to 75% of its natural gas from Russia.[398] Nord Stream 2 should double annual capacity of Nord Stream to 110 billion m3 (3.9 trillion cu ft), with cheaper energy price to Europeans. Several countries began imposing limited sanctions on Russia when it declared the independence for Donbas, effectively making war inevitable, yet many countries held off so as not to antagonise Putin; however, with the commencement of attacks on 24 February, large numbers of countries began applying sanctions with the aim of crippling the Russian Economy. The sanctions were wide ranging, targeting individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports and imports. On 22 February, US president Joe Biden announced restrictions against four Russian banks, including V.E.B., as well as on "corrupt billionaires" close to Putin.[399] The US also instituted export controls, a novel sanction focused on restricting Russian access to high tech components, both hardware and software, that are made with any parts or intellectual property from the US. The sanction requires that any person or company that wants to sell technology, semiconductors, encryption software, lasers, or sensors to Russia request a license, which by default is denied. The enforcement mechanism is sanctions against the person or company, with the sanctions focused on the shipbuilding, aerospace, and defence industries.[400] Prime Minister Johnson announced that all major Russian banks would have their assets frozen and be excluded from the UK financial system, and that some export licenses to Russia would be suspended.[205] He also introduced a deposit limit for Russian citizens in UK bank accounts, and froze the assets of over 100 additional individuals and entities.[401] German chancellor Olaf Scholz indefinitely blocked the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline in response to the Russian invasion of Donbas.[402] The foreign ministers of the Baltic states called for Russia to be cut off from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments. Other EU member states had been reluctant, both because European lenders held most of the nearly $30 billion in foreign banks' exposure to Russia and because China has developed an alternative to SWIFT called CIPS; a weaponisation of SWIFT would provide greater impetus to the development of CIPS which in turn would weaken SWIFT as well as the West's control over international finance.[403][404] Other leaders calling for Russia to be stopped from accessing SWIFT include Czech president Miloš Zeman,[405] as well as British prime minister Boris Johnson.[406] Germany in particular had resisted calls for Russia to be banned from SWIFT, citing the effect it would have on payments for Russian gas and oil; on 26 February, the German foreign minister Annalena Baerbock and economy minister Robert Habeck made a joint statement backing targeted restrictions of Russia from SWIFT.[407][408] Shortly thereafter, it was announced that major Russian banks would be removed from SWIFT, although there would still be limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.[409] Furthermore, it was announced that the West would place sanctions on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630bn in foreign reserves, to prevent it from liquidating assets to offset the impact of sanctions.[410] The BBC's Faisal Islam stated that the measures are far from normal sanctions and are "better seen as a form of economic war." The intent of the sanctions is to push Russia into a deep recession with the likelihood of bank runs and hyperinflation. Islam noted that targeting a G20 central bank in this way has never been done before.[411] Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia and former president Dmitry Medvedev derided Western sanctions imposed on Russia, including personal sanctions, and commented that they were a sign of "political impotence" from NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan, saying they increased government support; he threatened to nationalise foreign assets that companies held inside Russia.[412]   Russia   Ukraine   Contested territories (Crimea, Donetsk, and Luhansk)   Countries that have banned Russian aircraft from their airspace in response to the invasion On the morning of 24 February, Ursula von der Leyen, the president of the European Commission, announced "massive" EU sanctions to be adopted by the union. The sanctions targeted technological transfers, Russian banks, and Russian assets.[413] Josep Borrell, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated that Russia would face "unprecedented isolation" as the EU would impose the "harshest package of sanctions [which the union has] ever implemented". He also said that "these are among the darkest hours of Europe since the Second World War".[414] President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola called for "immediate, quick, solid and swift action" and convened an extraordinary session of Parliament for 1 March.[415][416] On 26 February, the French Navy intercepted Russian cargo ship Baltic Leader in the English Channel. The ship is suspected of belonging to a company targeted by the sanctions. The ship was escorted to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer and is being investigated.[417] The UK banned the Russian airline and flag carrier Aeroflot as well as Russian private jets from UK airspace.[205] On 25 February, Poland, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic announced that they would close their airspace to Russian airlines;[418][419] Estonia followed suit the next day.[420] In response, Russia banned British airplanes from its airspace. S7 Airlines, Russia's largest domestic carrier, announced that it was cancelling all flights to Europe,[419] and US carrier Delta Air Lines announced that it was suspending ties with Aeroflot.[421] Russia further banned from its airspace all flights from carriers in Bulgaria, Poland, and the Czech Republic.[422] Estonia, Romania, Lithuania, and Latvia announced they would also ban Russian airlines from their airspace.[423] Germany also banned Russian aircraft from its airspace.[424] On 27 February, the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that it had closed Portuguese airspace to Russian planes.[425] The same day, the EU announced that it would close its airspace to Russian aircraft.[426][427][351] On 26 February, Bloomberg reported that two Chinese state banks—the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which is the largest bank in the world, and the Bank of China, which is the country's biggest currency trader—were limiting financing to purchase Russian raw materials, which was limiting Russian access to foreign currency; this was being done out of apparent fear that this funding would be seen as support for the invasion and draw Western sanctions.[428] On 27 February, Ignazio Cassis, the president of the Swiss Confederation, announced that the Swiss government was very likely to sanction Russia and to freeze all Russian assets in the country.[429] On 28 February, Singapore became the first Southeast Asian country to impose sanctions on Russia by restricting banks and transactions linked to Russia;[430] the move was described by the South China Morning Post as being "almost unprecedented".[431] The same day, South Korea announced it would participate in the SWIFT ban against Russia, as well as announcing an export ban on strategic materials covered by the "Big 4" treaties to which Korea belongs—the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Australia Group, and the Missile Technology Control Regime; in addition, 57 non-strategic materials, including semiconductors, IT equipment, sensors, lasers, maritime equipment, and aerospace equipment, are planned to be included in the export ban "soon".[432] On 28 February, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that Turkey would limit Russian access to Black Sea.[433] Economic impact Further information: 2022 Russian financial crisis, Energy superpower, and Russia in the European energy sector Volodymyr Zelenskyy meeting with Boris Johnson on 1 February 2022 In Russia, the economic sanctions had an immediate effect. The Russian stock market crashed, falling 39%, as measured by the RTS Index, on the first day of the invasion, with similar falls in the following days. The Russian ruble fell to record lows, as Russians rushed to exchange money.[434][435][436] Stock exchanges in Moscow and St Petersburg were suspended.[437][438][439] The Central Bank of Russia announced its first market interventions since the 2014 annexation of Crimea to stabilise the market. It also raised interest rates to 20% and banned foreigners from selling local securities.[440] The sanctions put Russia's sovereign wealth fund at risk of disappearing.[441] On 28 February, with the value of the Russian ruble and the share prices for Russian equities falling on major exchanges, Moscow's MOEX exchange was closed for the day.[442] In Ukraine, the National Bank suspended currency markets, announcing that it would fix the official exchange rate. The central bank also limited cash withdrawals to 100,000 hryvnia per day and prohibited withdrawal in foreign currencies by members of the general public. The PFTS Stock Exchange stated on 24 February that trading was suspended due to the emergency events.[443] As a result of the invasion, Brent oil prices rose above $100 a barrel for the first time since 2014.[444] Wheat prices surged to their highest prices since 2008 in response to the attack.[445] Ukraine is the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat and the world's largest exporter of sunflower oil, with Russia and Ukraine together exporting 29% of the world's wheat supply and 75% of world sunflower oil exports. The benchmark Chicago Board of Trade March wheat futures contract reached its highest price since 2012 on 25 February, with the prices of corn and soybean also spiking. The American Bakers Association president warned that the price of anything made with grain would begin rising as all the grain markets are interrelated. The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine would likely be severely limited in their ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year, while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices. Recovering crop production capabilities may take years even after fighting has stopped.[446] Surging wheat prices resulting from the conflict have strained countries such as Egypt, which are highly dependent upon Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports, and have provoked fears of social unrest.[447] On 24 February, China announced that it would drop all restrictions on Russian wheat, in what the South China Morning Post called a potential "lifeline" for the Russian economy.[448] Kristalina Georgieva, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, warned that the conflict poses a substantial economic risk for the region and internationally and added that the Fund could help other countries impacted by the conflict, complementary to a $2.2 billion loan package being prepared to assist Ukraine. David Malpass, the president of the World Bank Group, said that the conflict would have far-reaching economic and social effects and reported that the bank was preparing options for significant economic and fiscal support to Ukrainians and the region.[449] On 27 February, BP, one of the world's seven largest oil and gas companies and the single largest foreign investor in Russia, announced it was divesting from Rosneft.[450] The Rosneft interest comprises about half of BP's oil and gas reserves and a third of its production. The divestment may cost the company up to $25 billion and analysts noted that it was unlikely that BP would be able to recover a fraction of this cost.[451] The same day, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, announced that it would divest itself from its Russian assets. The fund owned about 25 billion Norwegian krone ($2.83 billion) in Russian company shares and government bonds.[452] Media depictions See also: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis Throughout the invasion, messages, videos and photos were widely shared across social media and news sites and by friends and family of Ukrainian and Russian citizens. While many were authentic, first-hand images of the conflict, others were images and videos of past conflicts and events or were otherwise misleading. Some of these were created to spread disinformation or propaganda.[453][454] Facebook allowed Ukrainian users to lock their pages after the US warned that Russia was creating kill lists of Ukrainians.[455] Censorship The Russian censorship apparatus Roskomnadzor ordered the country's media to only employ information from Russian state sources or face fines and blocks, accusing a number of independent media outlets of spreading "unreliable socially significant untrue information" about the shelling of Ukrainian cities by the Russian army and civilian deaths.[456][457] The Russian government ordered media organizations to delete stories that describe the Russian invasion of Ukraine as an "assault", "invasion", or a "declaration of war".[458] Roskomnadzor launched an investigation against the Novaya Gazeta, Echo of Moscow, inoSMI, MediaZona, New Times, Dozhd (TV Rain), and other Russian media outlets for publishing "inaccurate information about the shelling of Ukrainian cities and civilian casualties in Ukraine as a result of the actions of the Russian Army."[459] Russian state-controlled media, such as Russia-1 and Channel One, and pro-Kremlin TV pundits like Vladimir Solovyov mostly followed Putin's narrative on the war.[460][461] RT, a Russian state-controlled TV network, was banned in Poland and suspended by television services in Australia and Gibraltar in response to the invasion.[462][463][464] On 25 February, Russia announced that it was limiting access to Facebook; Russia’s Foreign Ministry and the Prosecutor General’s office announced that Facebook violates the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.[465] The company stated it had refused a Russian demand to stop fact-checking the posts made by four state-owned media organisations: Zvezda, RIA Novosti, Lenta.ru, and Gazeta.Ru.[466] On 26 February, Facebook announced that it would ban Russian state media from advertising and monetising content on its platform.[467] Twitter paused post recommendations for unfollowed accounts in Russia and Ukraine,[468][469] and temporarily halted the operations of its advertising platform within the two countries.[470] Russia restricted access to the social media platform later that day.[471] Reactions Further information: International reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine See also: Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis United Nations See also: Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged Russia to immediately end aggression in Ukraine, while the French and US ambassadors announced that they would present a resolution to the UN Security Council on 25 February 2022.[472][169] The UK,[473] the US,[474] Canada,[475] and the EU have labelled the attack as unprovoked and unjustified,[476] and promised harsh sanctions on Russian individuals, businesses, and assets.[477] On 25 February, Russia vetoed a Security Council draft resolution "deploring, in the strongest terms, the Russian Federation's aggression", as expected. Eleven countries voted in favour, and three abstained, among them China, India, and the United Arab Emirates.[478] On 27 February, the UN Security Council voted to hold an emergency special session of the UN General Assembly to vote on a similar resolution.[479] The eleventh ever special session was convened on 28 February, with speeches by members expected to last several days.[480] NATO File:RAK Lakenheath U.S. F-35s land in Estonia.webm US F-35s arrive in Ämari Air Base in Estonia on 27 February.[481] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, NATO had declined; without a common enemy, cohesion among members of the group declined, and many member states had reduced their defence spending and drawn down their forces along the border with Russia. NATO had attempted to improve the situation by setting a defence spending target of 2% of GDP for each of its members; however, most member states had not met the target as of 2022. The invasion of Ukraine had an immediate effect on this situation with NATO states boosting their defence budgets and sending personnel and equipment to the border.[482] Poland, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia triggered NATO security consultations under Article 4. The Estonian government issued a statement by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas saying: "Russia's widespread aggression is a threat to the entire world and to all NATO countries, and NATO consultations on strengthening the security of the Allies must be initiated to implement additional measures for ensuring the defence of NATO Allies. The most effective response to Russia's aggression is unity."[483] Jens Stoltenberg, the secretary general of NATO, vowed at a press conference in Brussels to send NATO troops to Poland in a matter of days following the Russian invasion.[484] On 24 February, Stoltenberg announced new plans that "will enable us to deploy capabilities and forces, including the NATO Response Force, to where they are needed".[482] Following the invasion, NATO announced plans to increase military deployments in the Baltics, Romania, and Poland.[485][486] After the 25 February UN Security Council meeting, Stoltenberg announced that parts of the NATO Response Force would be deployed, for the first time ever, to NATO members along the Eastern border. He stated that forces would include elements of the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF), currently led by France.[487] Stoltenberg further stated that some NATO members are supplying weapons to Ukraine, including those for air defence. The US had announced on 24 February that it would be deploying 7,000 troops to join the 5,000 already in Europe.[487] NATO forces include the USS Harry S. Truman's Carrier Strike Group 8, which entered the Mediterranean Sea the previous week as part of a planned exercise. The carrier strike group was placed under NATO command, the first time this had occurred since the Cold War.[488] On 27 February, German chancellor Olaf Scholz announced 100 billion euros (US$113 billion) in new military spending,[489] stating: "With the invasion of Ukraine, we are in a new era." Defense spending is set to rise to at least the target 2% of GDP expected of NATO members by 2024.[490] During the Cold War, Finland and Sweden had remained neutral buffer states between NATO and the Soviet Union. To retain their neutral status, both states minimised their cooperation with NATO. Following the Fall of Communism, both states increased their cooperation with NATO, while stoutly retaining their neutral status.[491] Throughout the Cold War and the post-Communism era, majorities in both countries opposed joining NATO; however, with the increasing threat of Russia in the second decade of the 21st century, support for joining had begun to climb.[492] As Russia began to build forces on Ukraine's border in the leadup to their invasion, both countries increased their cooperation with NATO.[491] On 25 February, the Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO, despite their ongoing commitment to neutrality. Both countries had attended the emergency NATO summit as members of NATO's Partnership for Peace and both had condemned the invasion and had provided assistance to Ukraine.[493] The previous day, Prime Minister Sanna Marin commented on Finland's potential membership after the invasion, saying: "It is also now clear that the debate on NATO membership in Finland will change", while noting that a Finnish application to NATO would require widespread political and public support.[494] Shortly after the threat, a plane carrying Vyacheslav Volodin, the speaker of Russia's State Duma, was denied permission to cross both Swedish and Finnish airspace.[495] European Union Further information: Foreign military support to Ukraine in above section On 27 February, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen announced that the EU would ban Russian state-owned media outlets RT and Sputnik in response to disinformation and their coverage of the conflict in Ukraine.[496] She also said that the EU would finance the purchase and delivery of military equipment to Ukraine and proposed a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace.[497] On 28 February, President Zelensky asked to join the EU under new fast track procedure. Photographs reported to be of Zelensky signing an application for membership were later shared.[498] Other countries and international organisations International reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine   Countries that have condemned the invasion   Countries that have maintained a neutral stance   Countries that have blamed the invasion on NATO provocation   Unknown   Russia   Ukraine The Czech Republic, Latvia, and Lithuania have stopped issuing visas to Russian citizens.[499] Micronesia severed diplomatic relations with Russia following the invasion.[500] Following its intervention in protests against the government earlier in 2022, Moscow requested that Kazakhstan send troops to assist in the offensive, but Kazakhstan refused, reiterating that it does not recognise the Donetsk and Luhansk separatists.[501] In a call with Putin, Xi Jinping, the Chinese paramount leader and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, said China supports efforts to resolve the dispute through dialogue; Putin stated he was open to holding high-level talks with Ukraine.[502] In a statement released on 25 February, China said that Ukraine's territory and sovereignty should be respected and urged talks between Ukraine and Russia as soon as possible.[503] Shortly after, Wang Yi, the Chinese foreign minister and state councilor, stated that China has a clear position respecting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of all countries, including Ukraine.[503] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi appealed for an immediate cessation of violence in Ukraine, though he has refrained from taking a stand on the issue and did not condemn the Russian invasion.[504][505] India is reportedly preparing a mechanism to trade with Russia using rupees to avoid the impact of Western sanctions.[506] Serbia is among the few European countries that opposes sanctions on Russia. Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić said that his country supports Ukraine's sovereignty but that he would look after Serbia's own interests.[507] Vučić also stated that he would condemn Russia's recognition of the independence of separatist regions in eastern Ukraine only if Zelenskyy condemns the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia on public television.[508] While there was no agreement on sanctions on Russia, Serbia nevertheless expressed regrets over the events, describing both Russia and Ukraine as friendly states and underlining full support for the territorial integrity of Ukraine.[509][510] His initial weak response was criticised by multiple commentators in the country and the region, while some local media outlets sided with Russia.[511][512] The Serbian organization Women in Black organised anti-war demonstrations in Belgrade, and the Serbian Orthodox Church organised a collection of humanitarian aid.[513][514] Pope Francis expressed his "deepest sorrow" in a phone call to Zelenskyy, who thanked the Pope for his support.[515] The Ecumenical Patriarch, Bartholomew I, regarded as the primus inter pares (first among equals) in the Eastern Orthodox Church and spiritual leader of Orthodox Christians, called for an end to the war. Bartholomew called the war abominable and voiced solidarity and support with the Orthodox Church of Ukraine.[516] Patriarch Kirill of Moscow released a statement noting "the suffering of people", calling on all parties "to do everything possible to avoid civilian casualties" while asking the Moscow Patriarchate to pray for "the rapid restoration of peace". Metropolitan Onufriy, head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate, said the war had no justification.[517] The hacking collective Anonymous conducted DDoS attacks on the RT website,[518] as well as on the website of the Russian Ministry of Defence.[519][520] Tsai Ing-wen, the president of Taiwan, said that Taiwan condemns the infringement of Ukrainian sovereignty and called for peaceful resolution.[521] Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 25 February condemning Russia and announcing sanctions.[522] These would likely affect semi-conductors,[523] as Taiwan produces much of the global supply.[524] On 26 February, Vadim Krasnoselski, the president of the unrecognised state of Transnistria, affirmed that Transnistria as a peaceful state had no offensive plans, referencing Transnistria's large population of Ukrainians and how Ukrainian language is taught in its schools.[525] Also on 26 February, the Council of Europe suspended Russian participation in the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly. Council Secretary-General Marija Pejčinović Burić called the invasion a "flagrant violation" and stated: "This is a dark hour for Europe and everything it stands for."[526] On 27 February, Belarus held a constitutional referendum which theoretically allowed the country to access nuclear weapons since their renouncement after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The result was likely influenced by President Lukashenko's recent decisions.[527] Entertainment organisations UEFA, the European governing body for football, decided to relocate the Champions League final from Saint Petersburg to Saint-Denis, France, after a meeting of the body's Executive Committee.[528][529] The national football teams of Poland, the Czech Republic and Sweden refused to play any matches with Russia.[530] Formula One called off the Russian Grand Prix for this year in the wake of the crisis, with world champions Sebastian Vettel and Max Verstappen calling it "wrong" to race in the country.[531][532] The International Olympic Committee called upon international sporting federations to either move or cancel any sports events planned in Russia or Belarus;[533][534] the Union Cycliste Internationale and the International Gymnastics Federation were among those to act accordingly.[535][536] The International Judo Federation suspended President Putin’s status as "Honorary President and Ambassador of the International Judo Federation".[537] Finland-based Jokerit and Latvia-based Dinamo Riga announced separately that the two ice hockey teams would withdraw from Russia's top-tier Kontinental Hockey League.[538][539][540] The European Broadcasting Union excluded Russia from participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, with the organisers saying that its inclusion could "bring the competition into disrepute".[541][542] Protests Main article: Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine In Russia Main article: 2022 anti-war protests in Russia Protesters in Moscow, 24 February 2022 Almost 2,000 Russians in 60 cities across Russia were detained by police on 24 February for protesting against the invasion, according to OVD-Info;[543] by 27 February it reported that more than 5,900 protestors had been detained overall.[544] Russia's interior ministry justified these arrests due to the  restrictions, including on public events" that continue to be in place.[545] Russian authorities warned Russians of legal repercussions for joining anti-war protests.[546] Nobel Peace Prize winner Dmitry Muratov announced that the Novaya Gazeta newspaper would publish its next edition in both Ukrainian and Russian. Muratov, journalist Mikhail Zygar, director Vladimir Mirzoyev, and others signed a document stating that Ukraine was not a threat to Russia and calling for Russian citizens to denounce the war.[547] Elena Chernenko, a journalist at Kommersant, circulated a critical open letter signed by 170 journalists and academics.[548] State Duma deputy Mikhail Matveev voted in favour of the recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics but later condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[549] State Duma deputy Oleg Smolin said he was "shocked" by the invasion.[550] Mikhail Fridman, Russia's richest billionaire, called for the "bloodshed to end".[551] More than 10,000 technology workers,[552] 6,000 medical workers, 3,400 architects,[550] 2,000 actors, directors, and other creative figures, and 1,500 teachers signed petitions calling for Putin's government to stop the war.[459][553] Russian human rights activist Lev Ponomaryov started a petition to protest the invasion, garnering more than 750,000 signatures by 26 February.[459] The founders of the Immortal Regiment commemoration movement, in which ordinary Russians annually march with photographs of veteran family members to mark World War II's Victory Day on 9 May, called on Putin to cease fire, describing the use of force as inhuman.[553] Outside Russia The Brandenburg Gate lit up in the colours of the Ukrainian flag during a solidarity protest in Berlin, Germany, 24 February 2022. The monument is visible from the nearby Russian Embassy.[554] Protests in support of Ukraine have broken out in cities worldwide, including in Armenia,[555] Australia,[556] Azerbaijan,[557], Belarus, [558] Belgium,[559] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[560] Brazil,[561] Bulgaria,[562] Canada,[563] Croatia,[564] Denmark,[565] Estonia,[566] France,[567] Georgia,[568] Germany,[569] Greece,[570] Hungary,[571] Iceland,[572] Iran,[573][574] Ireland,[575] Israel, [576][577] Italy,[578] Japan,[579] Kazakhstan,[580] Malaysia,[581] Moldova,[582] the Netherlands,[583] Norway,[584] Portugal,[585] Romania,[586] Slovakia,[587] Slovenia,[588] Spain,[589] Sweden,[590] Switzerland,[591] Taiwan,[592] Turkey,[593] the UK,[594] and the US.[595] In the Czech Republic, some three thousand people protested in Wenceslas Square in Prague.[596][597] On 27 February, more than 100,000 gathered in Berlin to protest against Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[598] During a constitutional referendum vote, Belarusian protestors in Minsk chanted "No to War" at polling stations.[599] A boycott movement against Russian and Belarusian products spread in some countries, most notably in the Baltic states. In Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia most supermarkets removed Russian and Belarusian products such as food, drinks, magazines, and newspapers, with Coop, Rimi, Maxima, and Barbora being the most notable supermarket chains to have joined the boycott.[600][601][602] In Canada, the liquor control boards of several provinces, including Liquor Control Board of Ontario,[603] Société des alcools du Québec,[604] Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation,[605] Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation,[606] and Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation,[607] were ordered to remove Russian alcohol products from its retail stores. In Canada, the government of British Columbia ceased the import of Russian liquor products, and the Liquor Control Board of Ontario announced the removal of Russian liquor from all 679 liquor retailers within its jurisdiction.[608] In the US, politicians in Ohio, New Hampshire, and Utah placed legal restrictions on the sale of Russian liquor and many bars, restaurants, and liquor retailers have removed Russian brands from their selections voluntarily, some taking extra steps to support Ukrainian liquors in a further show of solidarity with Ukraine.[609][610] See also flag Russia portal flag Ukraine portal War portal List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine – Wikipedia list article Military history of the Russian Federation Post-Soviet conflicts – Military conflicts in the former Soviet Union Russo-Georgian War – 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia Second Cold War – Post–Cold War era term Transnistria War – 1990–1992 conflict between Moldova and Russian-backed self-proclaimed Transnistria Glory to Ukraine, a slogan used in protests against the war Explanatory notes  The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic are separatist states that declared their independence in May 2014, while receiving recognitions from each other, the de facto state of South Ossetia, and Russia (since 2022).[1][2][3]  Russian forces were permitted to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory.[4] Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko also stated that Belarusian troops could take part in the invasion if needed.[5] Belarusian territory was also used to launch missiles into Ukraine.[6] See also: Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine  There also was a spillover into Russia, such as the Millerovo air base attack.  12 Greek citizens killed,[33] 4 Azerbaijani citizens killed,[34] 1 Iraqi citizen killed,[35] 1 Algerian citizen killed.[36]  Russian: специальная военная операция, romanized: spetsial'naya voyennaya operatsiya[54] References  "South Ossetia recognises independence of Donetsk People's Republic". 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Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "Η διαδήλωση Ελλήνων και Ουκρανών σε 15 εικόνες" [The demonstration of Greeks and Ukrainians in 15 images]. Athens Voice (in Greek). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  "'Ruszkik haza, ruszkik haza!' – tüntetés a budapesti orosz nagykövetségnél" ['Rusks home, Russians home!' – demonstration in front of the Russian Embassy in Budapest]. Telex.hu (in Hungarian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  Másson, Snorri (24 February 2022). "Mótmæli við sendiráðið: 'Erfitt að lýsa þessu með orðum'" [Protest at the embassy: 'It is difficult to put it into words']. Vísir.is (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "Iran Police Disperse Crowd Chanting 'Death To Putin And Supporters'". 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  Benjamin Weinthal (26 February 2022). "Iranians defy Khamenei, protest Putin outside Ukrainian embassy". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  "'This is a tragedy' – Ukrainians protest outside Dáil, Russian embassy". RTÉ. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "'Putin is the new Hitler': Israelis protest invasion outside Russian embassy". ToI. Times of Israel. Retrieved 28 February 2022.  "Thousands Rally in Tel Aviv Against Russian Invasion of Ukraine". Haaretz. Haaretz. Retrieved 28 February 2022.  "Manifestazione a Milano contro la guerra in Ucraina, in migliaia in piazza tra bandiere e slogan: 'Subito la pace'" [Demonstration in Milan against the war in Ukraine, thousands in the square between flags and slogans: 'Immediately peace']. la Repubblica (in Italian). 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Ukrainians vent ire at Russian moves with rally outside embassy". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  ОМАР, Заңғар (24 February 2022). "Ресей консулдығының алдында пикет өткізгендерді полиция ұстап әкетті" [Picket passed by the police before the Russian consulate]. Азаттық радиосы (in Kazakh). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "[UPDATED] Ukrainians in Malaysia protest invasion at Russian embassy". The Vibes. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.  "Protest la Ambasada Federației Ruse din Chișinău: 'Kremlin, oprește-te!'" [Protest at the Embassy of the Russian Federation in Chișinău: 'Kremlin, stop!']. Jurnal.md (in Romanian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "Tientallen demonstranten voor Russische ambassade en op Plein" [Dozens of demonstrators in front of Russian embassy and in Het Plein]. NU.nl (in Dutch). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  Nilsen, Thomas. "Russians, Ukrainians and Norwegians in joint anti-war protest". The Barents Observer. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Manifestação em Lisboa, frente à embaixada da Federação Russa: 'Queremos armas!'" [Demonstration in Lisbon, in front of the Russian Federation embassy: 'We want weapons!']. Expresso (in European Portuguese). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "Profesorul de istorie Marcel Bartic protestează în fața Ambasadei Rusiei din București în semn de solidaritate cu Ucraina/ A fost amendat de jandarmerie pentru protest neautorizat" [History professor Marcel Bartic protests in front of the Russian Embassy in Bucharest in solidarity with Ukraine / Was fined by the gendarmerie for unauthorised protest]. G4Media (in Romanian). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "Nesúhlas s útokom na Ukrajinu vyjadrili v Bratislave, v Prievidzi i v Košiciach" [They expressed their disapproval of the attack on Ukraine in Bratislava, Prievidza and Košice]. Pravda.sk (in Slovak). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "V Ljubljani in Mariboru danes protesti proti vojni v Ukrajini" [Protests against the war in Ukraine in Ljubljana and Maribor today]. Primorske novice (in Slovenian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  "Un millar de personas protesta en Madrid contra la guerra" [A thousand people protest in Madrid against the war]. RTVE.es (in Spanish). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Sweden: Hundreds protest in Stockholm against Russian military offensive in Ukraine". www.ruptly.tv. Ruptly. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "Genève – «Ce qui se passe en Ukraine peut arriver chez nous»". 20 minutes. 26 February 2022.  Thomas, Cat (25 February 2022). "We're All Ukrainians Today: Rally Held in Taipei to Protest the Invasion of Ukraine". Ketagalan Media. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  Hacaloğlu, Hilmi; Çolak, Umut (25 February 2022). "İstanbul'daki Rusya Karşıtı Protestolar İkinci Gününde" [On the Second Day of Anti-Russian Protests in Istanbul]. Voice of America (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  Barradale, Greg (24 February 2022). "Hundreds protest outside Downing Street to demand tougher sanctions on Russia after invasion of Ukraine". The Big Issue. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "Demonstrators protest outside Russian Embassy in Washington after Russia invades Ukraine". CBS News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.  "Thousands gather to support Ukraine in central Prague". Radio Prague International. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "V centru Prahy se sešly tisíce lidí, protestovaly proti invazi na Ukrajinu" [Thousands of people gathered in the center of Prague to protest the invasion of Ukraine]. ČeskéNoviny.cz (in Czech). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.  "Antiwar rally draws at least 100,000 in Berlin". DW.COM. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  "Belarus holds referendum to renounce non-nuclear status". Reuters. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.  "Supermarket chains removing Russian-origin products from shelves". ERR.ee. ERR. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Lithuanian supermarkets give up Russian, Belarusian products in wake of Ukraine attack". LRT. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.  "More Latvian stores join Russia and Belarus product boycott". LSM.lv. Public Broadcasting of Latvia. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  Rocca, Ryan; Rodrigues, Gabby (25 February 2022). "LCBO pulling all Russian-made products from retail store shelves". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  Olivier, Annabelle (25 February 2022). "Quebec directs SAQ to remove Russian products from shelves over country's invasion of Ukraine". Global News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Russian liquor products pulled from Manitoba Liquor Mart shelves". Global News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "N.L. liquor corp pulls Russian vodka from shelves following Ukraine invasion". CBC News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  Spurr, Bill. "Russian vodka at the NSLC? Nyet!". Salt Wire. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "B.C. halts sale of Russian liquor, gives $1M to Red Cross for Ukraine". Times Colonist. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.  "Cox orders all Russian products pulled from Utah liquor store shelves". Deseret. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.  Ravikumar, Vandana (26 February 2022). "Bars, liquor stores in US pull Russian vodka off shelves to protest attack on Ukraine". Miami Herald. McClatchy. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. 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WarPutinlandPutinversteherPutlerPutinismsTandemocracyPutin: The New TsarSpitting ImageA Palace for Putin: The Story of the Biggest Bribe ← Boris Yeltsin Category:Vladimir PutinDmitry Medvedev → vte War in Donbas Part of the: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in UkraineRusso-Ukrainian War2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine General topics Humanitarian situationInternational reactionsInternational sanctions List of sanctioned peopleList of aircraft lossesOSCE Special Monitoring Mission to UkraineTrilateral Contact Group on UkraineCivil volunteer movementLittle green menAnti-Terrorist Operation Zone (Ukraine)Civil–military administrations Timeline 201420152016201720182019202020212022 Battles Siege of Sloviansk (12 April – 5 July 2014)Battle of Kramatorsk (12 April – 5 July 2014)Battle of Mariupol (6 May – 14 June 2014)1st Battle of Donetsk Airport (26–27 May 2014)Siege of the Luhansk Border Base (2–4 June 2014)Zelenopillia rocket attack (11 July 2014)Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion (16 July – 26 August 2014)Battle of Horlivka (20 July – 6 September 2014)Battle of Ilovaisk (10 August – 2 September 2014)Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack (18 August 2014)Battle of Novoazovsk (25–28 August 2014)Mariupol offensive (4–8 September 2014)2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport (28 September 2014 – 21 January 2015)Battle of Debaltseve (16 January – 20 February 2015)Shyrokyne standoff (10 February – 3 July 2015)Battle of Marinka (3 June 2015)Battle of Svitlodarsk (18–23 December 2016)Battle of Avdiivka (29 January – 4 February 2017) Other events Donbas status referendums (11 May 2014)Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown (14 June 2014)Shelling of Donetsk, Russia (13 July 2014)2014 Russian cross-border shelling of UkraineMalaysia Airlines Flight 17 shoot-down (17 July 2014) reactionsUNSC Resolution 2166 (21 July 2014)NATO summit in Wales (4–5 September 2014)Minsk Protocol (5 September 2014)Donbas general elections (2 November 2014)2014 G20 Brisbane summit (15–16 November 2014)Volnovakha bus attack (13 January 2015)Mariupol rocket attack (24 January 2015)Minsk II ceasefire agreement (12 February 2015)Kharkiv bombing (22 February 2015)Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko (31 August 2018)Donbas general elections (11 November 2018)No to capitulation! (October 2019 – December 2019) Self-proclaimed states  Donetsk People's Republic (since April 2014) Luhansk People's Republic (since April 2014) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's RepublicInternational representation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed ForcesWagner GroupSeparatist forces List of equipmentArmy of the South-EastRussian Orthodox ArmyVostok BattalionKalmius BrigadeSparta BattalionSomalia BattalionPrizrak BrigadePolitical parties and movements Donetsk RepublicNew Russia PartyCommunist Party of DPRPeace to LuhanshchinaBorotbaAntifascist Committee of UkraineUkrainian ChoiceRussian-speaking UkraineThe Other Russia of E. V. 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  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Year of Issue: 2018
  • Modified Item: No
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
  • Material: Metal
  • Variety: Washington
  • Colour: Silver
  • Modification Description: None
  • Currency: Commerative
  • Fineness: Unknown
  • Options: Commemorative
  • Collections/ Bulk Lots: Trump Coin
  • Country of Origin: United States

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